The Effect of Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Diseases in Thi-Qar Governorate
Pengaruh Faktor Risiko terhadap Penyakit Kardiovaskular di Kegubernuran Thi-Qar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/ijhsm.v2i2.102Keywords:
Heart and Vascular diseases, Rask Factors.Abstract
The purpose of this research was to identify the role of risk variables in the onset and progression of cardiovascular illnesses. There was a significant difference (P ≤0.05) between the two groups, with the sick group having a 36% higher smoking rate than the control group's 12% rate. A comparison between the patient group and the control group revealed that total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations were all higher in the former, while HDL concentrations were lower. With 64% of patients experiencing hypertension and 36% not experiencing it, the percentages of patients with hypertension and those without it are much greater. There was a greater prevalence of type 2 diabetes among patients (60% vs. 40%), as well as other metabolic disorders. Among the other findings, 38% of patients were considered to be at a normal weight, 40% were considered to be overweight, and 24% were classified as having first-class obesity
Highlights:
- Higher smoking rate, cholesterol, LDL, and lower HDL in patients.
- Increased hypertension (64%) and type 2 diabetes (60%) prevalence.
- 40% overweight, 24% obese, 38% normal weight among patients.
Keywords: Heart and Vascular diseases, Rask Factors.
References
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[3]. J. Jankowski, J. Floege, D. Fliser, M. Böhm, and N. Marx, “Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathophysiological Insights and Therapeutic Options,” Circulation, vol. 143, no. 11, pp. 1157–1172, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686.
[4]. H. E. Bays et al., “Ten Things to Know About Ten Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors,” American Journal of Preventive Cardiology, vol. 5, p. 100149, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100149.
[5]. P. Libby et al., “Atherosclerosis,” Nature Reviews Disease Primers, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 56, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41572-019-0106-z.
[6]. J. C. Kaski, F. Crea, B. J. Gersh, and P. G. Camici, “Reappraisal of Ischemic Heart Disease: Fundamental Role of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Angina Pectoris,” Circulation, vol. 138, no. 14, pp. 1463–1480, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.031373.
[7]. R. I. Litvinov and J. W. Weisel, “Blood Clot Contraction: Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Disease,” Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 100023, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.rpth.2022.100023.
[8]. D. A. Kim and D. N. Ku, “Structure of Shear-Induced Platelet Aggregated Clot Formed in an In Vitro Arterial Thrombosis Model,” Blood Advances, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 2872–2883, May 2022, doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006248.
[9]. E. Holt et al., “The Effects of Smoking on Cardiac Structure and Function in a General Population,” European Heart Journal, vol. 43, no. Supplement 2, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.121.
[10]. M. Karimi Jaberi et al., “Smoking Waterpipe, Cigarette, and Heart Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Baseline Data from the Kong Cohort Study in the South of Iran,” Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, pp. 1–4, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2253185.
[11]. E. Jung, S. Y. Kong, Y. S. Ro, H. H. Ryu, and S. D. Shin, “Serum Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 14, p. 8272, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijerph19148272.
[12]. N. Kartiosuo et al., “Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood and Adulthood and Cardiovascular Disease in Middle Age,” JAMA Network Open, vol. 7, no. 6, p. e2418148, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168858.
[13]. E. Grossman and F. H. Messerli, “Diabetic and Hypertensive Heart Disease,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 125, no. 4, pp. 304–310, Aug. 1996, doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-125-4-199608150-00009.
[14]. S. H. Wild and C. D. Byrne, “Risk Factors for Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease,” BMJ, vol. 333, no. 7576, pp. 1009–1011, Nov. 2006, doi: 10.1136/bmj.39024.568738.43.
[15]. L. Wu et al., “Hypertension Combined with Atherosclerosis Increases the Risk of Heart Failure in Patients with Diabetes,” Hypertension Research, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 921–933, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41440-023-01529-y.
[16]. J. E. Futter, J. G. Cleland, and A. L. Clark, “Body Mass Indices and Outcome in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure,” European Journal of Heart Failure, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 207–213, Feb. 2011, doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq218.
[17]. A. Oreopoulos et al., “Body Mass Index and Mortality in Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis,” American Heart Journal, vol. 156, no. 1, pp. 13–22, Jul. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.02.014.
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Published
2025-02-19
How to Cite
Kazim , H. A. ., & Salman , A. N. . (2025). The Effect of Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Diseases in Thi-Qar Governorate: Pengaruh Faktor Risiko terhadap Penyakit Kardiovaskular di Kegubernuran Thi-Qar. Indonesian Journal on Health Science and Medicine, 2(2), 10.21070/ijhsm.v2i2.102. https://doi.org/10.21070/ijhsm.v2i2.102
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