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Section Articles

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Management Strategies

Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Desember:
DOI : https://doi.org/10.21070/ijhsm.v2i3.345
Published : Dec 27, 2025

Noor Adnan Mahmood (1), Lubna Arkan Younis (2), Mariam Ahmed Zaydan (3)

(1) College of Education for Pure Sciences, Tikrit University, Iraq
(2) College of Science, Tikrit University, Iraq
(3) College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq
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Abstract:

General Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of hepatic pathologies ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), potentially progressing to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, affecting approximately 25% of the global population. Specific Background: The escalating prevalence of NAFLD parallels the worldwide epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome, positioning NAFLD as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic dysfunction with significant cardiovascular and extrahepatic complications. Knowledge Gap: Despite its substantial health burden, NAFLD frequently remains asymptomatic in early stages, and the complex interplay of genetic, metabolic, environmental, and gut microbiota factors in disease progression remains incompletely characterized. Aims: This comprehensive review examines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic modalities, and management strategies of NAFLD to elucidate current understanding and therapeutic approaches. Results: The review synthesizes evidence on multifactorial disease mechanisms, evaluates non-invasive diagnostic techniques including advanced imaging and serum biomarkers, and assesses lifestyle modifications alongside emerging pharmacological interventions. Novelty: This work provides an integrated analysis of NAFLD's systemic nature, emphasizing the gut-liver axis and novel therapeutic targets. Implications: Understanding these multidimensional aspects is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies to address this escalating global health challenge.
Keywords : Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, NASH, Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, Liver Fibrosis.
Highlight :












  • Global burden rising to ~25% population linked to obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome.




  • Pathogenesis driven by insulin resistance, genetic variants, gut microbiota and metabolic dysfunction.




  • Weight loss 7–10% via lifestyle changes improves steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis outcomes.











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