MrKD Gene in Environmental Isolates of Biofilm Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Gen MrKD pada Isolat Lingkungan Penghasil Biofilm Klebsiella pneumoniae
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/ijhsm.v2i2.77Keywords:
Klebsiella pneumoniae, biofilms, mrkD geneAbstract
Biofilm This concept includes cell aggregates that are not attached to an interface but share traits with biofilms, such as flocs (floating biofilms) and sludge.K. pneumonia is a member of the Enterobactericeae family and is Gram-negative, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, lactose fermentation, and is present in the environment in places like soil, vegetation, and water. It is also easily isolated from the mucosal surfaces of mammals. K. pneumoniae has at least two variants of type 3 fimbriae, with the most diversified form being the mrkD gene. Materials and Methods: Biochemical and Api20E assays were used to identify K. pneumoniae isolated from different environmental samples in Basra Governorate, Iraq, from 1/11/2021 to 1/1/2022. The Kirby-Bauer assay was performed, and biofilm phenotype formation was evaluated. Finally, the mrkD gene was detected by the PCR method. Results: results showed that the number of K.pneumoniae bacteria was 23 out of 122 samples, and then it was revealed that its ability to form biofilm was used in this study, where the two methods of Congo red were used. The presence of the mrkD gene, which is thought to be responsible for biofilm production, was investigated using a polymerase chain reaction device, and the mrkD gene was found in 34.78% of the samples. Conclusion: This research highlights that the presence of the mrkD gene in K.pneumoniae bacteria, which was isolated from different environmental samples, has a relationship with biofilm formation and shows the extent of biofilm resistance to antibiotics
Highlights:
- Biofilm & K. pneumoniae: Forms biofilms, contains mrkD gene, resists antibiotics.
- Methods: Identified via biochemical tests, Kirby-Bauer assay, and PCR analysis.
- Results: 34.78% of isolates carried mrkD gene, linked to biofilm formation..
Keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae, biofilms, mrkD gene.
References
S. K. Sharma, N. K. Mudgal, P. S. Pradeep Sharma, and B. N. Shrngi, “Comparison of phenotypic characteristics and virulence traits of Klebsiella pneumoniae obtained from pneumonic and healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius).,” 2015.
B. J. Kalpana, S. Aarthy, and S. K. Pandian, “Antibiofilm activity of α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis S8-18 against biofilm forming human bacterial pathogens,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., vol. 167, pp. 1778–1794, 2012.
S. Sugimoto et al., “Imaging of bacterial multicellular behaviour in biofilms in liquid by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy,” Sci. Rep., vol. 6, no. 1, p. 25889, 2016.
C. De La Fuente-Núñez et al., “Inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation and swarming motility by a small synthetic cationic peptide,” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 2696–2704, 2012.
M. Jamal, U. Tasneem, R. Hussain, and S. Andleeb, “Bacterial biofilm: its com‑petition, formation and role in human infections,” J Microbiol Biotech, vol. 4, p. 3, 2015.
J. Muhsin, T. Ufaq, H. Tahir, and A. Saadia, “Bacterial biofilm: its composition, formation and role in human infections,” J Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 4, pp. 1–14, 2015.
J. Jagnow and S. Clegg, “Klebsiella pneumoniae MrkD-mediated biofilm formation on extracellular matrix-and collagen-coated surfaces,” Microbiology, vol. 149, no. 9, pp. 2397–2405, 2003.
K. Bush and G. A. Jacoby, “Updated functional classification of β-lactamases,” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 969–976, 2010.
M. I. Ansari, K. Schiwon, A. Malik, and E. Grohmann, “Biofilm formation by environmental bacteria,” Environ. Prot. Strateg. Sustain. Dev., pp. 341–377, 2012.
D. S. Hansen, H. M. Aucken, T. Abiola, and R. Podschun, “Recommended test panel for differentiation of Klebsiella species on the basis of a trilateral interlaboratory evaluation of 18 biochemical tests,” J. Clin. Microbiol., vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 3665–3669, 2004.
A. P. Perez et al., “The anti MRSA biofilm activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil in nanovesicles,” Phytomedicine, vol. 57, pp. 339–351, 2019.
A. A. Al-Mussawi, “Detection of Biofilm Coding icaD Gene in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Patients undergoing Tonsillectomy in Basra City,” Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1001–1006, 2016.
G. Sedana and I. N. D. Astawa, “Revitalization of farmers organization functions toward agribusiness for its sustainability: ideas for traditional irrigation organization in Bali Province, Indonesia,” Int. J. Dev. Res., vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 17020–17024, 2017.
S. R. Hamady, I. J. Abbass, and K. F. Kadhim, “Detection of Biosynthesis of CuNPs using P. aeruginosa Isolated from Soil.”
A. Hassan, J. Usman, F. Kaleem, M. Omair, A. Khalid, and M. Iqbal, “Evaluation of different detection methods of biofilm formation in the clinical isolates,” Brazilian J. Infect. Dis., vol. 15, pp. 305–311, 2011.
B. A. (2015) Mahmood, M. T., & Abdullah, “The relationship between biofilm formation and presence of fimH and mrkD genes among E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from patients in Mosul,” Mosul J. Nurs., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 34–42, 2015.
M. P. Weinstein and J. S. Lewis, “The clinical and laboratory standards institute subcommittee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing: background, organization, functions, and processes,” J. Clin. Microbiol., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. e01864-19, 2020.
D. Dhanasekaran, N. Thajuddin, M. Rashmi, T. L. Deepika, and M. Gunasekaran, “Screening of biofouling activity in marine bacterial isolate from ship hull,” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 6, pp. 197–202, 2009.
H. T. Ibrahim, H. Qiang, W. S. Al-Rekabi, and Y. Qiqi, “Improvements in biofilm processes for wastewater treatment,” Pakistan J. Nutr., vol. 11, no. 8, p. 610, 2012.
V. Gupta, R. Garg, K. Kumaraswamy, P. Datta, G. K. Mohi, and J. Chander, “Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of carbapenem resistance mechanisms in Klebsiella pneumoniae from blood culture specimens: A study from North India,” J. Lab. Physicians, vol. 10, no. 02, pp. 125–129, 2018.
C. Y. Ong, S. A. Beatson, M. Totsika, C. Forestier, A. G. McEwan, and M. A. Schembri, “Molecular analysis of type 3 fimbrial genes from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Citrobacter species,” BMC Microbiol., vol. 10, pp. 1–12, 2010.
S. Bellifa et al., “Evaluation of biofilm formation of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from medical devices at the University Hospital of Tlemcen, Algeria,” Afr J Microbiol Res, vol. 7, no. 49, pp. 5558–5564, 2013.
I. J. Abas and M. A. Al-Hamdani, “NEW DELHI METALLO-Β-LACTAMASE 1 (NDM-1) PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI IN BASRAH HOSPITALS. IRAQ,” Eur. J. Biomed., vol. 4, no. 02, pp. 102–107, 2017.
I. Mahmoud, K. Altaif, M. A. Sini, S. Daoud, and N. Aqel, “Determination of antimicrobial drug resistance among bacterial isolates in two hospitals of Baghdad,” Jordan J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 13, no. 1, 2020.
M. A. Al Shara, “Emerging antimicrobial resistance of klebsiella pneumonia strains isolated from pediatric patients in jordan,” Iraqi J Med, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 29–32, 2011.
Z. Saeed, B. Abbas, and R. Othman, “The effect of Lactobacillus plantarum on expression of biofilm genes of Streptococcus mutans isolated from dental caries,” Med. J. Basrah Univ., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 91–99, 2019.
