The origins and Sources of polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (N-Alkanes) in The Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt Al-Arab rivers
Asal-usul dan Sumber Hidrokarbon Aromatik Polisiklik (PAH) dan Hidrokarbon Alifatik (N-Alkana) di Sungai Tigris, Eufrat, dan Shatt Al-Arab
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/ijhsm.v2i1.99Keywords:
water, Tigris, Euphrates, N-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Shatt Al-ArabAbstract
Samples were taken from three sites along the Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt Al-Arab Rivers between November 2022 and July 2023 to ascertain the concentrations, distribution, and sources of PAH compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Aliphatic (n-alkane) compounds' carbon chain lengths were measured from C7 to C38, and the total amount of n-alkanes in water varied between 48.09 µg/l and 276.98 µg/l. The heavy PAHs were fluoranthene and chrysene, whereas the light PAHs were carbazol and anthracene, with concentrations ranging from 45.16 to 1848.54 ng/l. The LMW/HMW, CPI, and Pristine/Phytoene ratios indicated that n-alkane hydrocarbons were primarily biogenic, pyrogenic, and at least petrogenic. Nonetheless, the LMW/HMW, Phenanthrene/Anthracene, and Flouranthene/Pyrene ratios showed that the primary sources of PAH molecules were petrogenic and pyrogenic environments.
Highlights:
- Samples from Tigris, Euphrates, Shatt Al-Arab analyzed for PAHs, n-alkanes.
- n-Alkanes (C7–C38) ranged 48.09–276.98 µg/l; PAHs 45.16–1848.54 ng/l.
- Sources: biogenic, pyrogenic, petrogenic for n-alkanes; petrogenic, pyrogenic for PAHs.
Keywords: water, Tigris, Euphrates, N-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Shatt Al-Arab
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[6] M. M. Al-Hejuje, N. A. Hussain, and H. T. Al-Saad, "Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs), n-Alkanes and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water of Shatt Al-Arab River–Part 1," Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health Sciences, vol. 4, pp. 88–94, 2015.
[7] A. A. Lafta, "Estimation of Tidal Excursion Length Along the Shatt Al-Arab Estuary, Southern Iraq," Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 79–89, 2021.
[8] S. Mitra, et al., "Characterization, Source Identification and Risk Associated with Polyaromatic and Chlorinated Organic Contaminants (PAHs, PCBs, PCBzs and OCPs) in the Surface Sediments of Hooghly Estuary, India," Chemosphere, vol. 221, pp. 154–165, 2019.
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[10] H. Shen, et al., "Global Atmospheric Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From 1960 to 2008 and Future Predictions," Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 6415–6424, 2013.
[11] A. A. Talal, A. Y. Al-Adhub, and H. T. Al-Saad, "Seasonal and Regional Variations of Hydrocarbon Levels and Origin of n-Alkanes in Water of Southern Marshes of Iraq," Basrah Journal of Science (Bas J Sci), vol. 28, no. 2B, 2010.
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[13] M. M. Al-Hejuje, N. A. Hussain, and H. T. Al-Saad, "Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs), Alkanes and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water of Shatt Al-Arab River–Part 1," Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health Sciences, vol. 4, pp. 88–94, 2015.
[14] F. Kafilzadeh, A. H. Shiva, and R. Malekpour, "Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water and Sediments of the Kor River, Iran," Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2011.
[15] R. S. K. Al-Atbee, "Assessment of Some Heavy Elements and Hydrocarbons in the Water, Sediments and Dominant Aquatic Plants at Al-Chibayish Marshes," M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Basrah, Iraq, 2018.
[16] F. M. H. Al-Khatib, "Determination of the Concentrations, Origin and Distribution of Hydrocarbon Compounds in Water, Sediments and Some Biota of Hour Al-Hawaiian, South of Iraq and Their Sources," M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Science, Univ. of Basrah, Iraq, 2008.
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[21] H. A. T. Malak, "Assessment of Environmental Pollution With Heavy Metals and Hydrocarbon Compounds in the Water and Sediments of the Abu Al-Khasib River in Basra Governorate, Southern Iraq," M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Geology, Univ. of Basrah, Iraq, 2021.
[22] S. H. Jazza and A. A. Khwedem, "Origins and Distribution of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water and Sediments of Some Rivers in Misan Province, Iraq," Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, vol. 8, pp. 46–53, 2021.
[23] B. M. Younus and H. M. Younis, "The Impact of Population and Industrial Waste on the Waters of the Shatt Al-Arab, Basra, Southern Iraq," Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 619–632, 2023.
[24] J. M. Guerra-García, F. J. González-Vila, and J. C. García-Gómez, "Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Pollution and Macrobenthic Assemblages in Ceuta Harbour: A Multivariate Approach," Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 263, pp. 127–138, 2003.
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Published
2025-01-30
How to Cite
Qassem , M. A. ., Kadhim , H. A. ., & Al-Hejuje , M. M. . (2025). The origins and Sources of polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (N-Alkanes) in The Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt Al-Arab rivers: Asal-usul dan Sumber Hidrokarbon Aromatik Polisiklik (PAH) dan Hidrokarbon Alifatik (N-Alkana) di Sungai Tigris, Eufrat, dan Shatt Al-Arab. Indonesian Journal on Health Science and Medicine, 2(1), 10.21070/ijhsm.v2i1.99. https://doi.org/10.21070/ijhsm.v2i1.99
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