Indonesian Journal on Health Science and Medicine
The Indonesian Journal Health Science and Medicine (IJHSM) is dedicated to advancing health science and medicine by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, and case studies. Serving as a platform for researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals, IJHSM covers a broad range of topics including clinical research and practice, public health, biomedical science, healthcare systems and services, global health, health promotion and disease prevention, mental health, and innovations in health education and training. By fostering academic excellence, JHSM aims to influence healthcare practices and policies, contribute to the advancement of health science and medicine, and improve global health outcomes. The Indonesian Journal on Health Science and Medicine is committed to maintaining rigorous academic standards and ethical practices in publishing, ensuring that all published works undergo a thorough peer-review process. The journal welcomes contributions from national and international authors, promoting a diverse and inclusive academic discourse.
The Effect of Sleep Disturbances on the Severity of Depression in Psychiatric Patients
General Background :Depression and sleep disturbances are major global health challenges that often co-occur, each worsening the other and contributing to a high disease burden. Specific Background : While existing studies confirm their bidirectional relationship, limited evidence explores how specific sleep parameters independently influence depression severity. Knowledge Gap : Current research often treats sleep problems as a single construct, overlooking domain-specific contributions such as sleep duration, efficiency, and latency. Aims : This study aimed to assess the prevalence of sleep disturbances and measure their relationship with the severity of depression among psychiatric patients using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Results :In a cross-sectional analysis of 250 participants, 84% exhibited poor sleep quality and 92% displayed depressive symptoms, with 40% classified as severe. All PSQI domains showed significant correlations with BDI-II scores (p < 0.001), indicating a progressive relationship between deteriorating sleep and increasing depression severity. Novelty : This study provides comprehensive empirical evidence linking distinct sleep parameters to depression severity, highlighting that sleep quality deterioration parallels depression progression. Implications :These findings underscore the need for integrated interventions targeting both conditions and support routine sleep quality screening as a critical component of depression management and prevention strategies. Highlight : Most participants (84%) showed poor sleep quality with severe depression levels. There is a significant correlation between all sleep domains and depression severity. Improving sleep quality may help reduce depressive symptoms effectively. Keywords : Sleep Disturbances, Depression, Psychiatric Patients, Sleep Quality, PSQI
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaafar S Al-Showaily, Marwa Jabbar Saiwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transition Metal Complex of Oxadiazole as Dual Antidiabetic and Anti Hyperthyroid Agent
General background: 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives are well-established heterocycles with broad pharmacological potential, and metal coordination frequently enhances their therapeutic profiles. Specific background: Recent studies highlight the need for compounds capable of dual modulation of metabolic and endocrine disorders, particularly diabetes and hyperthyroidism, where single-target therapies often yield limited outcomes. Knowledge gap: Despite promising reports, few studies have integrated experimental pharmacology with quantum chemical modeling to explain how metal coordination influences biological potency. Aims: This research synthesized a new oxadiazole–indolinone ligand and its Co(II), Ni(II), Cr(III), and Fe(III) complexes and evaluated their antidiabetic and anti-hyperthyroid activities through in vivo assays supported by DFT calculations and molecular docking. Results: All complexes demonstrated dose-dependent activity, with Co(II) exhibiting the strongest glucose reduction (120 ± 7 mg/dL) and T₄ suppression (7.1 ± 0.4 µg/dL), consistent with superior docking affinities and favorable electronic descriptors. Novelty: This study correlates spectroscopic, computational, docking, and pharmacological findings in a unified structure–activity interpretation. Implications: The results indicate that metal coordination significantly boosts biological efficacy, positioning Co(II) complexes as strong candidates for future dual-action therapeutics in diabetes and hyperthyroidism. Highlight : Metal complexation improves biological effectiveness of the ligand. Co(II) complex shows the strongest dual activity based on results. Docking findings align with experimental data, supporting the SAR. Keywords : 1,3,4-Oxadiazole, Transition Metal Complexes, DFT, Molecular Docking, Antidiabetic and Anti-Hyperthyroid Activity
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahraa Ali Nashoor Alnawas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Importance of Neurophysiology in the Study of Predators and Herbivores: A Neuroecological Perspective
Predator–herbivore interactions are central to ecological dynamics, shaping species evolution, population stability, and ecosystem function. Recent advances in neurophysiology have revealed mechanistic layers underlying these interactions, encompassing sensory processing, stress and fear responses, decision-making, learning, and memory. This review synthesizes findings from the past five years to highlight how neural circuits mediate predator detection, prey evasion, and adaptive behaviors, emphasizing individual variation, sex differences, and developmental plasticity. We discuss sensory neurophysiology in both predators and herbivores, showing how multimodal integration, context-dependent processing, and plasticity influence behavior in natural environments. Stress neurobiology and fear responses are explored, illustrating the role of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, limbic circuits, and neurotransmitter dynamics in shaping acute and long-term responses to predation risk. Decision-making, learning, and memory are examined as mechanisms by which experience modifies predator and prey strategies, with implications for co-evolution and ecological fitness. Evolutionary and ecological implications are considered, including the role of neurophysiology in driving selective pressures, shaping trophic interactions, and mediating non-consumptive effects that influence community structure. Finally, we highlight emerging technological advances—such as portable neural imaging, electrophysiology, genomic analyses, and machine learning approaches—that enable integration of neurophysiological data with behavioral and ecological research. Understanding these neurobiological mechanisms not only uncovers hidden layers of predator–herbivore dynamics but also provides actionable insights for wildlife management, conservation planning, and ecosystem restoration. By bridging mechanistic neuroscience with ecological and evolutionary theory, this review emphasizes the value of neurophysiology as a critical tool for predicting behavioral responses and resilience in changing environments. Highlights Neurophysiology reveals how sensory processing, stress circuits, and learning mechanisms shape predator detection, prey avoidance, and behavioral adaptation. Predator cues drive significant neural and hormonal responses—often sex-specific and long-lasting—that influence decision-making and ecological fitness. Integrating neural mechanisms with ecological models enhances predictions of predator–herbivore dynamics, especially under environmental and anthropogenic change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hasanain Mohammed Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR) Technique of Genetic Diversity of Silurus glanis
General Background Genetic diversity is essential for ensuring species resilience and supporting long-term ecological stability. Specific Background Silurus glanis, an ecologically and economically important freshwater fish in Iraq, is increasingly exposed to environmental pressures that may shape its genetic composition. Knowledge Gap Yet, information on the genetic variation between populations inhabiting the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers remains limited, particularly when assessed using RAPD-PCR molecular markers. Aims This study aims to evaluate the genetic diversity of S. glanis from both rivers using five RAPD primers to identify patterns of genetic similarity and differentiation. Results Analysis of 120 samples revealed 13 genetic loci, with 83.842% similarity and 16.154% genetic variation, indicating low diversity but high interpopulation resemblance. Novelty The study provides an updated genetic profile demonstrating the influence of local environmental conditions on the species’ genetic structure and suggesting potential gene flow between riverine populations. Implications These findings highlight the need for strengthened river ecosystem management and the application of molecular biomarkers to guide conservation strategies capable of preventing further genetic erosion and supporting the long-term sustainability of S. glanis populations. Highlight : The results show measurable genetic variation and high similarity between the two river populations. RAPD-PCR markers detected differences across loci that reflect environmental influences on genetic structure. The findings highlight the importance of monitoring river conditions to maintain the species’ genetic stability. Keywords : Genetic diversity, RAPD-PCR, Silurus glanis, Euphrates and Tigris populations, molecular markers
Copyright (c) 2025 Majeed Sh. S. Al-Omairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Glutathione Transferase Response to Platinum Doped Titanium Dioxide in Aedes aegypti Pupae
General Background: Aedes aegypti is a major vector of arboviruses, and increasing resistance to chemical insecticides demands novel control strategies. Specific Background: Photocatalytic nanoparticles such as Pt-doped TiO₂ generate reactive oxygen species under light, inducing oxidative injury in mosquitoes; however, the biochemical defense response, particularly glutathione S-transferase (GST), remains insufficiently understood at the pupal stage. Knowledge Gap: No study has simultaneously assessed lipid peroxidation and GST activity in Ae. aegypti pupae exposed to Pt-TiO₂ under different light conditions. Aims: This research examined malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and GST activity in pupae exposed to Pure TiO₂ and Pt-TiO₂ under light and dark conditions. Results: Light exposure significantly amplified oxidative stress and GST activity, with Pt-TiO₂ producing the highest MDA and strongest GST induction, while dark conditions showed no meaningful biochemical alterations. Novelty: The study provides the first integrated evidence linking enhanced photocatalytic ROS generation by Pt-TiO₂ to concurrent oxidative damage and compensatory antioxidant activation in pupae. Implications: These findings clarify the mechanism of Pt-TiO₂ toxicity and support its use as an efficient light-activated nano-insecticide for vector control. Highlight : Highlights the strong light-dependent oxidative stress induced by Pt-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles. Emphasizes GST upregulation as a key biochemical response to nanoparticle exposure. Shows that lipid peroxidation remains elevated despite antioxidant activation. Keywords : Aedes aegypti; Pt-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles; oxidative stress; glutathione S-transferase; malondialdehyde
Copyright (c) 2025 Moatasem Al-Salih, Moatasem Al-Salih , Moatasem Al-Salih , Syakirah Samsudin, Rosmilah bt Misnan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fatigue Levels and it is Impacts on Physical, Cognitive and Psycho-social Wellbeing in Patients with Breast Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy
Fatigue is a highly prevalent and debilitating symptom among patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy, profoundly affecting multiple dimensions of health and functioning. Chemotherapy-related fatigue in this population negatively influences physical capacity, cognitive performance, and psychosocial well-being, yet its multidimensional impact within the Iraqi clinical context remains insufficiently examined. Few studies have comprehensively evaluated the combined physical, cognitive, and psychosocial consequences of fatigue among Iraqi breast cancer patients, nor assessed its associations with demographic and clinical characteristics. This study aimed to determine the levels of fatigue and examine its impact on physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains among patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. A descriptive study of 106 female patients at Imam Al-Hussein Oncology Center revealed that 71.7% experienced severe fatigue and 28.3% moderate fatigue. The overall mean fatigue score was high (MS = 4.0). Fatigue showed severe impact across all domains, with 96.2% of patients classified within the severe-impact category. Physical limitations included muscle weakness, reduced functional ability, and increased need for rest; cognitive impairments involved diminished alertness, reduced attention, and slowed thinking; psychosocial effects included decreased motivation, social withdrawal, and emotional distress. A significant association was found between fatigue level and the three impact dimensions (p = 0.003). This study provides one of the first multidimensional assessments of chemotherapy-related fatigue among Iraqi breast cancer patients. Routine fatigue assessment and multidisciplinary management are essential to mitigate its extensive effects and improve quality of life for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Highlights Severe fatigue was highly prevalent among breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, affecting 71.7% of the sample. Fatigue had a significant negative impact on physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning, with 96.2% experiencing severe impairment. A strong association was found between fatigue severity and multidimensional functional decline (p = 0.003).
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Abdullah Athbi, Rukaya Aqeel Hassan, Ayam Abbas Ali, Baneen Fadhil Khudhr, Hussein Khelf Kitab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Serum Inflammatory Cytokines as Dual Biomarkers in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Breast Cancer Progression
General Background: Chronic inflammation plays a critical role in both autoimmune diseases and cancer, where cytokines act as key mediators of immune dysregulation. Specific Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and breast cancer, despite differing etiologies, share overlapping mechanisms of cytokine imbalance that drive disease progression and immune modulation. Knowledge Gap: However, the potential of inflammatory cytokines as dual biomarkers reflecting both autoimmune and tumor-related processes remains underexplored. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, and TGF-β in SLE and breast cancer patients compared to healthy controls, and to analyze their correlation with disease duration. Results: Findings demonstrated significantly elevated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in both patient groups (p < 0.001), with strong positive correlations between cytokine concentration and disease duration. Breast cancer patients showed higher IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β levels, while SLE patients exhibited pronounced immune activation. Novelty: The study provides the first integrated evaluation of cytokine profiles revealing shared inflammatory signatures in autoimmunity and oncogenesis. Implications: These results highlight cytokines’ potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, suggesting that cytokine modulation may offer novel therapeutic targets for both SLE and breast cancer. Highlight : Cytokines act as dual biomarkers indicating immune activation in both SLE and breast cancer. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines correlate positively with disease duration and progression. The study highlights cytokines’ potential roles in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targeting. Keywords : Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Breast Cancer, Inflammatory Cytokines, IL-6, TNF-α
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulrhman M. Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Detection of Some Virulence Genes in E. coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections
General Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent bacterial infections worldwide, predominantly affecting women and often caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). Specific Background: The pathogenicity of E. coli in UTIs is primarily associated with its virulence genes, which enable bacterial adhesion, toxin production, and iron acquisition, thus facilitating colonization and persistence in the urinary tract. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive research, the prevalence and distribution of major virulence genes among E. coli isolates in specific regions, such as Karbala, Iraq, remain insufficiently characterized. Aims: This study aimed to detect five virulence genes (HlyA, papC, iutA, CNF-1, and Sfas) in E. coli isolates obtained from women with UTIs, using molecular PCR techniques. Results: Among 24 isolates, the genes HlyA, papC, CNF-1, and Sfas were detected in 45.83%, 50%, 37.5%, and 37.5% of samples respectively, while iutA was absent. Novelty: This is one of the few studies providing molecular evidence of virulence gene distribution in UTI-associated E. coli within Iraq, highlighting regional variation compared to previous international reports. Implications: The findings enhance understanding of the molecular basis of UTI pathogenicity and may inform the development of targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Highlight : *]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:af35419e-8384-490b-88a7-dc0ace9a0156-25" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> The study identifies the distribution of five major virulence genes in E. coli isolated from UTI cases. PCR analysis reveals variation in gene frequency, indicating differing pathogenic potentials among isolates. The findings emphasize the importance of gene detection for improving therapeutic and preventive strategies against E. coli infections. Keywords : CNF-1, HlyA, iutA, papC, Sfas, UTI
Copyright (c) 2025 Mays Ibrahim Al-Wakeel, Abeer M. Alnasrawi, Zahraa Z. Al-Mamoori, Ali Abdul Kadhim Al-Ghanimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Helicobacter pylori: the Progression of Gastritis to Stomach Cancer
General Background: Gastric cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with nearly one million new cases and over 700,000 deaths annually, largely linked to Helicobacter pylori infection. This gram-negative bacterium colonizes the gastric mucosa, causing chronic gastritis that can progress to malignancy. Specific Background: H. pylori is recognized as a Class I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer due to its strong association with gastric adenocarcinoma. The infection triggers inflammatory and genetic responses that facilitate carcinogenesis through bacterial, host, and environmental interactions. Knowledge Gap: Despite decades of research, the molecular mechanisms linking H. pylori virulence factors to gastric epithelial transformation and the synergistic role of host and environmental cofactors remain insufficiently elucidated. Aims: This study reviews how H. pylori infection progresses from gastritis to gastric cancer by detailing bacterial virulence determinants, host inflammatory responses, and environmental contributors. Results: Key virulence factors such as CagA, VacA, BabA, and OipA disrupt epithelial integrity, modulate signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin), and trigger cytokine overexpression, fostering neoplastic changes. Novelty: The review integrates molecular, immunologic, and environmental dimensions of H. pylori pathogenesis, highlighting their collective role in carcinogenic transformation. Implications: Understanding these multifactorial mechanisms underscores the need for early detection, eradication therapies, and targeted prevention strategies to reduce gastric cancer mortality. Highlight : H. pylori infection can progress from gastritis to gastric cancer through chronic inflammation and mucosal damage. The bacterium’s virulence factors and host immune response play crucial roles in disease progression. Early detection and eradication of H. pylori are vital to prevent gastric cancer development. Keywords : Helicobacter Pylori, Gastritis, Gastric Cancer, Virulence Factors, Cytokines
Copyright (c) 2025 Namaat R. Abdulla, Zainab W. Khudair , Al-Amery T.S, Noor R. Abdulla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Native Mycorrhizal Fungi for Salt Tolerance and Nutrient Uptake in Tomato Plants
General Background: Soil salinity poses a major constraint to crop productivity in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in southern Iraq, where tomato cultivation suffers from osmotic stress, nutrient imbalance, and reduced photosynthesis. Specific Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance plant stress tolerance through symbiotic root associations that improve nutrient and water uptake. However, native AMF species adapted to saline Iraqi soils remain underexplored for their potential benefits in tomato cultivation. Knowledge Gap: Limited research has addressed how native AMF species contribute to salinity mitigation and soil enzyme activity in Iraqi agricultural systems. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two native AMF species—Glomus mosseae and Rhizoglomus intraradices—on growth performance, nutrient uptake, stress alleviation, and soil microbial activity of tomato plants grown under saline conditions. Results: R. intraradices increased plant height and biomass by over 30%, enhanced phosphorus and potassium uptake by 43% and 36%, reduced proline accumulation by 28%, and significantly improved antioxidant enzyme and soil phosphatase activity. Novelty: The study demonstrates, for the first time, the superior efficiency of native R. intraradices under Iraqi saline conditions. Implications: Native AMF inoculation offers a sustainable, low-cost strategy to enhance tomato resilience and productivity in saline-prone regions, supporting environmentally friendly agriculture in Iraq. Highlight : Native AMF effectively enhance tomato growth, nutrient uptake, and stress tolerance under saline conditions. Rhizoglomus intraradices shows higher efficiency than Glomus mosseae in improving plant performance. Utilization of native AMF offers a sustainable approach to manage soil salinity in southern Iraq. Keywords : Soil Salinity, Tomato Productivity, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi, Salt Tolerance, Saline Soils
Copyright (c) 2025 Maha Muthana Hassan, Marwa Kadhim Katia, Sarah Satar Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Immune Modulation of Vitamin D Levels in Pediatric Celiac Disease Patients
General Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals, leading to intestinal damage, nutrient malabsorption, and systemic complications. Among its nutritional consequences, vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent and affects bone metabolism and immune regulation. Specific Background: Serological markers such as anti-tTG and anti-EMA antibodies are established diagnostic and monitoring tools for CD; however, the relationship between antibody titer strength and vitamin D status has not been fully clarified, particularly in children. Knowledge Gap: Limited studies have quantitatively explored the association between immune response intensity and serum vitamin D concentrations in pediatric CD populations. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the magnitude of anti-tTG/anti-EMA antibody responses and serum vitamin D levels in community-based pediatric CD patients. Results: Vitamin D concentrations were significantly lower in children with strong positive antibody responses compared to those with weak positivity (p < 0.05), suggesting an inverse correlation between immune activity and vitamin D status. Novelty: This study introduces a quantitative link between antibody response strength and vitamin D deficiency severity in pediatric CD, providing an immunologic perspective for assessing nutritional risk. Implications: The findings highlight the potential for antibody titers to serve as prognostic indicators for vitamin D deficiency, guiding early nutritional interventions and individualized patient management in clinical practice Highlight : Strong anti-tTG and anti-EMA responses are associated with lower vitamin D levels in pediatric celiac disease. The strength of immune response may indicate susceptibility to vitamin D deficiency. Findings suggest clinical importance for early monitoring and nutritional management. Keywords : Vitamin D, Celiac Disease, Pediatric, Anti-tTG, Anti-EMA
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashraf Fadhil Jomah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Hepatoprotective Properties of Rutin Against Oxidative Stress and Liver Injury Induced by Paclitaxel in Rats
General Background: Liver toxicity remains a critical adverse effect of many chemotherapeutic agents, significantly limiting their clinical utility. Specific Background: Paclitaxel, a potent anticancer drug, is known to induce hepatic injury through oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, effective strategies to prevent such hepatotoxicity are limited. Knowledge Gap: While rutin, a natural flavonoid, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, its protective role against paclitaxel-induced liver injury has not been fully elucidated in vivo. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective potential of rutin against paclitaxel-induced hepatic damage in male rats through biochemical, oxidative, and histopathological assessments. Results: Rutin administration markedly reduced serum ALT, AST, and MDA levels while increasing GPx activity, restoring hepatic architecture, and alleviating necrosis, sinusoidal congestion, and apoptosis compared with paclitaxel-only groups. Novelty: This study provides novel experimental evidence demonstrating that rutin counteracts chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity primarily via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Implications: The findings suggest that rutin could serve as a promising adjunctive therapy to protect against drug-induced liver injury in cancer patients undergoing paclitaxel treatment, warranting further clinical evaluation. Highlight : Rutin reduced oxidative stress and normalized liver enzymes in paclitaxel-treated rats. Co-administration of rutin preserved hepatic structure and improved antioxidant status. Rutin showed hepatoprotective effects against paclitaxel-induced liver injury. Keywords : Rutin, Paclitaxel, MDA, GPx, ALT, AST
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Maseer Jasim, Nadheerah F Neamah, Waleed Khaled Ghanem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Syncope On Hip Fracture Incidence Among the Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study
Syncope is defined as a transient loss of consciousness resulting from a temporary reduction in cerebral blood flow, followed by spontaneous recovery. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of syncope episodes among elderly individuals presenting with hip fractures. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 patients aged 45 years and above, from October to December 2024. The results indicated that 16% of patients who experienced syncope had sustained hip fractures, which is significantly higher than the estimated 10–12% hip fracture rate in the general elderly population according to recent global data [1]. Notably, 70% of mild fractures were associated with brief syncope episodes lasting less than one minute, implying partial retention of protective reflexes during the fall. The overall fracture rate among syncope patients reached 36%, comprising 16% hip fractures and 20% other types (e.g., wrist, ankle). Middle-aged females (aged 45–50 years) with comorbidities such as balance disorders, hypertension, or diabetes emerged as a particularly vulnerable group. These individuals should be prioritized in fall-prevention interventions to mitigate injury risks associated with syncope. Highlights: Hip fractures occurred in 16% of elderly syncope patients, higher than global estimates for the general elderly population. Syncope lasting more than 2 minutes, absence of warning signs, and recurrent episodes were strongly linked to severe fractures. Middle-aged women with comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, balance disorders) were identified as the most vulnerable group.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wijdan Abbas Eneama, Wafaa Abdulkadhim Issa, Salah Naser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Detection of Human Cytomegalovirus in Renal Failure Patients Using RT-Qpcr
Abstract. This study aimed to detect Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in patients with renal failure using RT-qPCR. A total of 100 blood and serum samples were collected from July to September 2023 from individuals aged 1 to 80 years. The RT-qPCR technique revealed 79 positive cases of CMV infection. The study population was divided into five age groups, with the 51–67 age group showing the highest infection rate (29.11%). Infections were more common in females (41 cases) than in males (38 cases). The use of real-time PCR demonstrated a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tool for CMV, especially among immunocompromised patients. These findings suggest a significant association between CMV infection and renal failure, emphasizing the need for molecular testing in clinical diagnostics. The study provides valuable epidemiological insight and supports the implementation of RT-qPCR for detecting CMV in Iraqi healthcare settings. Highlights: RT-qPCR detected CMV infection in 79% of renal failure patients, confirming its high prevalence. Older adults (51–67 years) showed the highest infection rate, with females slightly more affected than males. RT-qPCR proved to be a rapid, sensitive, and reliable diagnostic tool for CMV detection in immunocompromised patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wafaa Abdulkadhim Issa, Wijdan Abbas Eneama, Salah Naser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the Reports of Chemical Poisoning and Pharmacological Toxicity in Cases Presented to the Poison Centre in Basra City, Iraq
Poisoning remains a major global public health concern, accounting for significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries where access to toxic agents is common. In Iraq, especially in Basra, cases of acute poisoning are frequent, yet epidemiological data remain limited, hampering effective prevention and management strategies. Despite regional studies, there is insufficient systematic analysis of poisoning trends, types of agents, and demographic risk factors in Basra over recent years. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, types, and outcomes of chemical and pharmaceutical poisoning cases reported to the Basra Poison Control Centre over a three-year period (2020–2022). A total of 244 cases were analyzed, with nearly half occurring in children under seven years old, indicating their high vulnerability. Males predominated in 2020 and 2021, while females were more frequently affected in 2022. Drugs were the leading cause of poisoning (171 cases), particularly benzodiazepines (18–29.5%) and paracetamol (15–18.5%). Pesticides, especially organophosphorus compounds and zinc phosphide, were the most common non-pharmaceutical agents in 2020 and 2021, whereas sulfur dioxide gas accounted for 30% of chemical cases in 2022. This is the first comprehensive epidemiological study documenting temporal and demographic variations in poisoning cases in Basra, integrating both pharmaceutical and chemical exposures. The findings highlight the urgent need for stricter drug dispensing regulations, enhanced public awareness, and improved poison control strategies, including antidote availability and healthcare worker training, to reduce the burden of poisoning. Highlights: A total of 244 poisoning cases were reported between 2020–2022, with nearly half involving children under seven years old. Pharmaceuticals, especially benzodiazepines and paracetamol, were the leading causes of poisoning across all years. Pesticides and sulfur dioxide gas were the most common non-pharmaceutical agents, highlighting the need for stricter regulation and preventive strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali M. Al-Rawaq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tobacco use remains one of the leading causes of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide, contributing to millions of deaths annually. Dental students, as future healthcare providers, play a crucial role in tobacco prevention and cessation; however, high smoking prevalence among them raises concern about their readiness to serve as health advocates. Despite global research, little is known about the prevalence, patterns, and determinants of smoking among dental students in Iraq, particularly regarding their knowledge and attitudes toward cessation. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of tobacco use, identify associated risk factors, and evaluate dental students’ knowledge and attitudes toward smoking and cessation. A cross-sectional survey of 250 students revealed a smoking prevalence of 37%, with a significant gender disparity (36% among males vs. 1% among females). Cigarettes (66%) and shisha (62%) were the most commonly used tobacco products. Stress (55%) and enjoyment (55%) were the leading reasons for smoking initiation, followed by addiction (28%) and peer pressure (14%). No significant reduction in smoking rates was observed with increasing age or academic level. Two-thirds of students reported that the dental curriculum inadequately addressed smoking cessation. This is among the first studies to systematically assess smoking behavior and cessation knowledge among Iraqi dental students, highlighting gaps in education. The findings emphasize the urgent need to integrate comprehensive tobacco education and cessation training into dental curricula to empower students as effective public health advocates. Highlights: Smoking prevalence among dental students reached 37%, with a stark gender difference (36% males vs. 1% females). Cigarettes (66%) and shisha (62%) were the most commonly used tobacco products. Stress and enjoyment were the main reasons for smoking initiation (55% each), while two-thirds of students felt their curriculum lacked adequate smoking cessation education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nagwan Ali Abdulwahhab, Rayan Waseem Waleed, Aya Hamid Mahdi, Jehan Yawez Al-Demirchi, Zahraa Ahmed Abdulwahid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment Nurses role in Reducing Hospital Stay of Patients with Respiratory Diseases in some Basrah Teaching Hospitals
Prolonged hospital stay is a major concern in healthcare systems, as it increases the risk of hospital-acquired infections, elevates treatment costs, and reduces bed availability. Nurses play a central role in patient care, and their interventions can significantly influence recovery outcomes and hospitalization duration. In surgical wards, particularly among patients undergoing abdominal surgeries, the quality of nursing care and adherence to postoperative protocols are essential determinants of hospital stay length. While the impact of medical and surgical interventions has been widely studied, limited research has evaluated the direct role of nurses in reducing hospital stay through evidence-based practices. This study aimed to assess the role of nurses in reducing the length of hospital stay among patients undergoing abdominal surgery at Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Teaching Hospital. A cross-sectional study of 60 nurses revealed that 68.3% demonstrated good knowledge and practice in postoperative care, including infection prevention, pain management, wound care, and patient education. The study confirmed a positive relationship between effective nursing interventions and reduced hospital stay. Unlike previous studies focusing on physician-led interventions, this research highlights nursing contributions as a critical factor in optimizing patient outcomes. The findings emphasize the importance of continuous nursing education, protocol adherence, and supportive hospital policies to enhance recovery rates, reduce complications, and minimize hospitalization duration. Highlights: Nurses play a vital role in reducing hospital stay duration for patients with hematological malignancies. Effective nursing care enhances treatment adherence and improves overall patient outcomes. Strengthening nurses’ skills and involvement in care can significantly optimize hospitalization periods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anmar Jabbar Alsaad, Ali Suanid Alethar, Maher Abdul Ameer Atiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quality of Life in Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy in Karbala
Radiation therapy, a cornerstone of cancer treatment, is associated with various physical and psychological side effects that can significantly impair a patient's quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to assess the impact of anxiety and depression on the quality of life of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. A prospective descriptive quantitative study was conducted on a non-probability convenience sample of 81 patients at the Center of Oncology and Blood Diseases in Karbala City. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) was used to measure quality of life. The Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test was applied to examine differences in QOL. The study found that anxiety and depression levels significantly and negatively impacted the overall quality of life of patients during radiotherapy (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant statistical difference was observed in the QOL levels with regard to tumor metastasis (p < 0.05), with patients experiencing metastasis reporting lower QOL. The findings indicate that radiation therapy and its associated psychological distress, particularly in the presence of tumor metastasis, are significant determinants of reduced quality of life in cancer patients. These results underscore the importance of integrating psychological and social support into clinical oncology care to improve patient well-being. Highlights: Anxiety and depression significantly impair quality of life during radiotherapy. Metastatic tumors are linked to lower quality of life. Sociodemographic factors show minimal influence compared to clinical and psychological factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mortadha handhal hussein, Ali Kareem Al-Juboori https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Applications of Nanotechnology for Combating Drug Resistant Bacterial Infections Using Nanoparticles
Background: The global rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria presents a significant threat to public health, necessitating alternative antimicrobial strategies. Specific Background: Nanoparticles such as silver (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs), and copper oxide (CuO-NPs) have emerged as promising agents due to their broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Knowledge Gap: However, comparative data on their efficacy across different resistance levels and their underlying mechanisms, particularly oxidative stress induction, remain limited. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of AgNPs, ZnO-NPs, and CuO-NPs against 150 bacterial isolates categorized into high-, moderate-, and non-resistant bacteria (HRB, MRB, NRB). Results: AgNPs exhibited the highest overall antibacterial activity, with the greatest average zone of inhibition (26.28 mm for MRB) and the lowest MIC/MBC values (7.89 µg/mL for NRB). CuO-NPs produced the highest reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting a distinct mechanism of oxidative damage, while ZnO-NPs showed moderate effectiveness. Statistical analyses (ANOVA, Tukey HSD, Pearson’s r) confirmed significant differences among nanoparticles and a strong correlation between ROS generation and bacterial inhibition for CuO-NPs. Novelty: This is among the few studies providing a comprehensive comparison of these nanoparticles across graded resistance levels. Implications: The findings highlight AgNPs' potential in combating resistant bacteria and underscore the need for further research on their long-term safety and integration into antimicrobial therapies. Highlight : AgNPs most effective: Silver nanoparticles showed the highest antibacterial activity across all resistance levels (HRB, MRB, NRB). ROS production matters: CuO-NPs generated the most reactive oxygen species, contributing to bacterial cell damage. Dual mechanisms: Nanoparticles act via oxidative stress and membrane disruption, enhancing their antibacterial potency. Keywords : Nanotechnology, Bacterial Infection, Resistant Bacteria, MRSA
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Ali Kassab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study and Microbiologic Analysis of Klebsiella spp. Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections Clinical Samples in Kirkuk City
Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a prevalent cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are a serious issue of public health. Since K. pneumoniae strains are developing increasing resistance to antibiotics, prompt and precise diagnosis is necessary for successful treatment. Aim: The purpose of this study was to separate and recognize K. pneumoniae from UTI patients' samples of urine. Additionally, it aimed to assess the efficacy of several diagnostic techniques, such as Vitek 2, biochemical, and phenotypic. Method: The study, which included both governmental and commercial healthcare facilities, was carried out in Kirkuk province, Iraq, between January and October of 2024. Urine samples were taken from 90 UTI patients, representing both sexes and an extensive range of age groups. The study used various diagnostic techniques. For initial identification, phenotypic and biochemical testing were conducted. The automated Vitek 2 system provides quick and precise identification. Results: 33.4% of the urine samples had K. pneumoniae. The age range of 5 to 25 years old had the highest prevalence, and girls were more likely than males to have it. All of the diagnostic methods used in the investigation were successful in confirming every isolate. Conclusion: The study concluded that K. pneumoniae had a major role in the investigated group's UTIs. The results stress the importance of utilizing a variety of techniques for diagnosis in order to accurately and promptly identify this disease, This is necessary for both infection prevention and successful treatment. Highlights: pneumoniae increasingly causes UTIs and resists antibiotic treatment. Urine samples tested using phenotypic, biochemical, and Vitek 2 methods. 4% positive; young females most affected; all methods effective.. Keywords: Klebsiella pneumonia, Phenotypic Identification, Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), Biochemical Tests.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Journal on Health Science and Medicine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ovarian Histopathological Lesions by Superovulation Induction Drugs Intake in Female Rats
This study was conducted to determination the effects of fertility drugs on some sex hormones and the histological changes of the ovary. Forty-two of female rats were used, it divided into sevsn groups, each group containing 6 rats. The first group was fed with distilled water and feed as control group. The second and third groups were received Clomid (50 mg) for one month and two months respectively. The fourth and fifth groups were given Duphaston (10 mg) for one month and two months respectively. The sixth and seventh groups were treated with the Procreation V for one and two months. The results showed a singnificant increasing in levels of sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone and prolactin) in addition to histological damage such as the decline of ovarian follicles with congestion, edema, fibrosis, bleeding, increasing thickness of germinal layers and inflammation, as it was found that exposure to them for a period of two months is the most harmful. Highlights: Drugs increased estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin levels significantly. Histological damage: follicle loss, inflammation, fibrosis, bleeding. Two-month exposure caused the most severe ovarian harm. Keywords: Fertility drugs, ovary, progesterone, histological lesions
Some Hormonal And Hematological Changes Accompanied With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
The goal of this research to examine the alterations in a few and hormonal and hematological markers that took place in persons with type 2 diabetes Mellitus T2DM. The current research is being conducted at the Al-Hussein Hospital's diabetes and endocrinology center in the province of Al-Muthanna. There were 200 participants in the study: 100 were T2DM patients and 100 were controls. Patients and controls ranged in age from 24 to 50. In this study, spectrophotometry was used to assess fasting blood sugar (FBS) at 546 nm, the Sysmax-Kx-21 was used to measure hematological parameters (RBC, Hb, RDW, WBC, PLT, and MPV), and the ELSA technique was used to detect hormones (TSH, T3, and T4).The FBS of T2DM patients is considerably upper than that of control patients (P<0.05), according to the results. However, the findings indicate that patients with T2MD had meaningfully lower ranks of TSH, T3, and T4 when paralleled to the control grouping. Hematological parameter data indicate that patients with T2DM had significantly lower RBC and Hb when paralleled to the control grouping, but considerably upper RDW, WBC, PLT, and MPV (P<0.05) when paralleled to the control grouping. Highlights: Higher FBS in T2DM patients compared to healthy controls. Lower TSH, T3, T4 in T2DM group than controls. Altered blood markers: Low RBC, Hb; high RDW, WBC, PLT, MPV. Keywords: T2DM , Hormones , Blood parameters
Histological and Cytokine-Based Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Cancer
Background; Early detection of cancer significantly improves treatment outcomes and survival rates. Histological biomarkers, such as cellular atypia, mitotic figures, necrosis, and angiogenesis, play a crucial role in identifying malignancies. Cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are emerging as valuable biomarkers due to their involvement in cancer-related inflammation. Aims of the study; Evaluate the role of histological features and cytokine-based biomarkers, specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in the early diagnosis of cancer. Methodology; This case-control study, conducted from January to August 2024, included 150 cancer patients and 50 healthy controls. Inclusion criteria were adults aged 18-75 with a cancer diagnosis. Ethical approval was obtained. Tissue samples were processed for histology, and cytokine levels (IL-6, TNF-α) were measured using ELISA. Result; The results showed no significant differences in age and gender between patients and controls, but smoking, family history of cancer, and BMI were significantly higher in patients. Histological examinations revealed clear differences between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. Cytokine levels were significantly elevated in patients, with strong correlations observed between cytokines and histological parameters. Finally, cytokines demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, making them effective biomarkers for diagnosis. Conclusions; In conclusion, IL-6 and TNF-α are valuable biomarkers for cancer detection, demonstrating strong correlations with histological features. Their high sensitivity, specificity, and AUC support their potential in early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Highlights: Early Detection: IL-6 and TNF-α show high sensitivity and specificity, making them valuable for early cancer diagnosis. Histological Correlation: Strong associations between cytokine levels and tumor features like necrosis and angiogenesis support their diagnostic relevance. Clinical Utility: The study reinforces cytokines as potential non-invasive biomarkers, aiding in early screening and prognosis of cancer.