Indonesian Journal on Health Science and Medicine
The Indonesian Journal Health Science and Medicine (IJHSM) is dedicated to advancing health science and medicine by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, and case studies. Serving as a platform for researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals, IJHSM covers a broad range of topics including clinical research and practice, public health, biomedical science, healthcare systems and services, global health, health promotion and disease prevention, mental health, and innovations in health education and training. By fostering academic excellence, JHSM aims to influence healthcare practices and policies, contribute to the advancement of health science and medicine, and improve global health outcomes. The Indonesian Journal on Health Science and Medicine is committed to maintaining rigorous academic standards and ethical practices in publishing, ensuring that all published works undergo a thorough peer-review process. The journal welcomes contributions from national and international authors, promoting a diverse and inclusive academic discourse.
PAD-4 Elevation Distinguishes Acute from Past CMV Infection in Medical Students
General Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a persistent herpesvirus with complex interactions between humoral and innate immunity. Specific Background: Neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), mediated by peptidylarginine deiminase-4 (PAD-4), is increasingly recognized in antiviral defense, yet its relation to CMV serological phases remains unclear. Knowledge Gap: The association between CMV IgM/IgG serostatus and PAD-4 activity as a surrogate marker of innate immune activation has not been well characterized in healthcare-exposed student populations. Aims: This cross-sectional study assessed CMV seroprevalence across three medical departments and examined PAD-4 levels according to CMV serology. Results: Among 300 students, overall CMV seroprevalence was 16.33%, highest in nursing (21%) and lowest in medical laboratory students (11%). PAD-4 levels were significantly higher in IgM-positive individuals than IgG-positive and seronegative peers (p=0.003), while no sex-based difference was observed. Novelty: The study links CMV serological phase to differential PAD-4 activity, indicating heightened innate activation during recent infection and relative immune quiescence in past exposure. Implications: PAD-4 may serve as a biomarker of acute CMV-related innate responses and supports targeted infection-control awareness in healthcare training environments. Highlights: *]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:006b8bc8-f577-4996-bbc5-3500771f21d4-12" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="assistant"> CMV seroprevalence differed across healthcare training departments. PAD-4 levels peaked in IgM-positive (recent infection) students. PAD-4 showed no significant variation by sex. Keywords: Cytomegalovirus, PAD-4, NETosis, IgM/IgG Serostatus, Medical Students
Copyright (c) 2026 Murtada Wafi Beden https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of Seroprevalence of viral Hepatitis B,C and HIV Inpreoperative Assessment for Urological Surgeries
General Background: Viral hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus remain major blood-borne infections that pose occupational hazards to healthcare workers, particularly during surgical procedures involving percutaneous exposure. Specific Background: Routine preoperative screening has been adopted in many medical institutions to identify infected patients and reduce transmission risk during operative interventions. Knowledge Gap: Limited local data are available regarding the seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV among patients scheduled for urological surgery in Basrah Teaching Hospital and the associated medical and behavioral risk factors. Aims: This study assessed the seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV among preoperative urological patients and identified related risk factors. Results: In this cross-sectional study of 254 patients, overall seroprevalence of either HBV or HCV was 8.7%, with HBV (5.9%) higher than HCV (2.8%), while HIV was not detected. Significant associations were observed with blood transfusion (P=0.046), dental surgical intervention (P=0.003), renal dialysis (P<0.001), family history of dialysis (P=0.005), and tattooing (P=0.040). Lack of vaccination (87%) and prior dental procedures (56.7%) were common risk exposures. Novelty: The study provides updated hospital-based evidence integrating serological screening with detailed evaluation of demographic, medical, and behavioral determinants in a urological surgical population. Implications: Findings support routine preoperative screening and reinforcement of vaccination and infection control strategies to reduce occupational transmission in surgical settings. Keywords: Preoperative Screening, Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, HIV Infection, Seroprevalence Key Findings Highlights: Overall infection rate reached 8.7% among elective surgical candidates. Transfusion, dialysis exposure, and tattoo history showed statistical association with positive serology. Absence of immunization was highly prevalent within the studied population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulla Y. Altimary, Nadia K. Abduljaleel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Women's Knowledge about Postpartum Depression
General Background: Postpartum depression is a major public health concern affecting maternal mental health and child well-being worldwide. Specific Background: Limited knowledge and awareness among postnatal mothers contribute to delayed recognition, stigma, and low help-seeking behavior, particularly in developing settings. Knowledge Gap: Despite increasing global attention, evidence regarding the level of postpartum depression literacy and associated factors among postnatal mothers in the study setting remains insufficient. Aims: This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and awareness of postpartum depression among postnatal mothers and to identify related sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The findings indicate that a considerable proportion of mothers demonstrated inadequate understanding of symptoms, risk factors, screening, and available treatment options. Educational level, prior information exposure, and contact with health services were associated with higher literacy levels. Misconceptions and stigma-related beliefs were still present among respondents. Novelty: This study provides updated empirical data on postpartum depression literacy within the local maternal population, highlighting specific domains of misunderstanding that require targeted educational strategies. Implications: Strengthening maternal mental health education through antenatal and postnatal services, including routine screening and counseling by healthcare professionals, is essential to promote early detection and appropriate support for affected mothers. Keywords: Postpartum Depression, Maternal Mental Health, Depression Literacy, Postnatal Mothers, Mental Health Awareness Key Findings Highlights: A substantial proportion of respondents showed limited understanding of symptoms and risk factors. Sociodemographic characteristics were associated with variations in literacy levels. Misconceptions and stigma-related beliefs remained evident among participants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebtihal Sattar Qassim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Association between Maternal Risk Factors and Preterm Birth Outcomes in Mosul Maternity Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study
General Background: Preterm birth remains a major global obstetric concern and a leading contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Specific Background: In Mosul maternity hospitals, maternal health conditions and obstetric characteristics may contribute to variations in gestational age and neonatal birth weight. Knowledge Gap: Limited local evidence exists regarding the association between maternal risk factors and neonatal outcomes among women delivering preterm in Mosul city hospitals. Aims: This study aimed to describe maternal characteristics, identify risk factors of preterm birth, and determine the relationship between these factors, gestational age at birth, and neonatal birth weight. Results: In a cross-sectional sample of 234 women, the mean gestational age was 31.42 weeks and the mean interpregnancy interval was 17.88 months. Excessive uterine activity (82.1%), vaginal infection (65.0%), and urinary and genital tract infections (59.0%) were the most prevalent conditions. Statistical analysis demonstrated highly significant associations between maternal risk factors and both gestational age and birth weight (p<0.05). Short interpregnancy intervals were significantly related to lower gestational age categories and increased proportions of low, very low, and extremely low birth weight neonates. Novelty: This study provides hospital-based empirical evidence from Mosul linking specific maternal conditions and birth spacing patterns with prematurity outcomes. Implications: Routine infection screening, management of uterine activity, and counseling on appropriate birth spacing are essential strategies to reduce adverse neonatal outcomes in maternity care settings. Keywords: Preterm Birth, Maternal Risk Factors, Interpregnancy Interval, Neonatal Outcomes, Birth Weight Key Findings Highlights: Excessive contractions and reproductive tract infections were highly prevalent among participants. Significant statistical relationships were identified between maternal conditions and newborn measurements. Short birth spacing corresponded with higher proportions of very early delivery and reduced neonatal mass.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulrahman Mazin Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and risk factor of Anemia among Hemodialysis patient
General Background: Anemia is a common and clinically significant complication among patients undergoing hemodialysis, contributing to increased morbidity and complex clinical management in chronic kidney disease. Specific Background: Patients with end-stage renal disease receiving maintenance hemodialysis frequently experience reduced hemoglobin levels related to impaired erythropoietin production, iron deficiency, and comorbid conditions. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive international evidence, limited localized data are available regarding the prevalence and associated factors of anemia among hemodialysis patients in the studied setting. Aims: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and identify related demographic and clinical characteristics among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Results: The findings demonstrated a high proportion of anemia among hemodialysis patients, with variations observed according to age, gender, and selected clinical parameters. Laboratory indicators and treatment-related variables were associated with the occurrence and severity of reduced hemoglobin levels. Novelty: This study provides updated contextual evidence on anemia distribution within a defined hemodialysis population, contributing locally derived clinical data to the existing body of nephrology research. Implications: The results underscore the need for structured anemia monitoring, optimized management strategies, and continuous evaluation of hematological parameters in dialysis centers to support improved patient care and clinical decision-making. Keywords: Anemia, Hemodialysis, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hemoglobin Level, Prevalence Key Findings Highlights: A substantial proportion of dialysis recipients presented with reduced hemoglobin values. Demographic and clinical characteristics were linked to variations in blood parameters. Routine hematological assessment remains essential in long-term renal replacement therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Jabbar Abd Al-Husayn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Encapsulation of Naproxen with Meso-Tetradodecyl-Pyrogallol[4]arene: Complexation, Characterization, and Molecular Docking Insights
General Background: Supramolecular encapsulation using macrocyclic hosts has emerged as a strategy to address solubility and stability limitations of poorly water-soluble drugs. Specific Background: Naproxen, a widely prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, exhibits low aqueous solubility and gastrointestinal irritation, prompting investigation of meso-tetradodecyl-pyrogallol[4]arene (C12-Py[4]arene) as a hydrophobic macrocyclic carrier capable of forming inclusion complexes through noncovalent interactions. Knowledge Gap: Although pyrogallol[4]arenes possess tunable cavities and self-assembly properties, detailed characterization of naproxen encapsulation combining spectroscopic, morphological, and molecular docking analyses remains limited. Aims: This study aimed to encapsulate naproxen within C12-Py[4]arene via mechanochemical grinding, characterize the resulting complex (PYX7), and evaluate binding affinity using molecular docking. Results: UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed bathochromic shifts at 318.00 and 332.50 nm, while FTIR analysis showed C=O band shifting from 1725 to 1689 cm⁻¹, confirming hydrogen bonding. SEM demonstrated altered semi-spherical agglomerates with heterogeneous morphology. Docking simulations predicted favorable binding energy (−7.00 kcal/mol), supported by hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions within the hydrophobic cavity. Novelty: The integration of solvent-free complexation, spectroscopic validation, SEM imaging, and in silico modeling provides a comprehensive profile of PYX7 formation. Implications: These findings identify C12-Py[4]arene as a supramolecular carrier for naproxen and support further evaluation of pyrogallol[4]arene-based systems in NSAID delivery research. Keywords: Supramolecular Encapsulation, Naproxen, Pyrogallol4arene, Inclusion Complex, Molecular Docking Key Findings Highlights: Spectral shifts verified noncovalent host–guest interactions. Microscopy demonstrated nano-assembly formation with structural heterogeneity. Computational modeling showed favorable binding energetics and structural complementarity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Essam S. Khudhier, Maan S. AlNuaim , Khulood H. Oudah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nano-Extract of Epimedium alpinum Preserves Testicular Histology During Levofloxacin Exposure
General Background: Antibiotics such as levofloxacin are widely prescribed but have been associated with reproductive tissue alterations following prolonged administration. Specific Background: Plant-derived nanomaterials, particularly nano-extracts from medicinal plants, have gained attention due to their bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Knowledge Gap: Limited experimental evidence exists regarding the histological response of testicular tissue to concurrent administration of levofloxacin and Epimedium alpinum nano-extract. Aim: This study examined the histological structure of testes in mice treated with levofloxacin and varying concentrations (5 and 10 mg/kg) of Epimedium alpinum nano-extract. Results: Levofloxacin administration for 30 days resulted in seminiferous tubule degeneration, reduced sperm count, and structural disruption, whereas groups receiving the nano-extract alone maintained normal architecture. Co-administration groups demonstrated preservation of seminiferous tubule integrity and improved spermatogenic organization. Novelty: The study provides experimental histological evidence supporting the tissue-preserving role of Epimedium alpinum nano-extract against antibiotic-associated alterations. Implications: These findings highlight the potential application of plant-based nanophytopharmaceuticals as supportive agents in treatments involving antibiotics with reproductive risks. Hightlights: Levofloxacin administration induced seminiferous tubule degeneration and reduced sperm count. Epimedium alpinum nano-extract maintained normal testicular architecture. Combined treatment preserved spermatogenic organization during antibiotic exposure. Keywords: Epimedium Alpinum, Nano-Extract, Levofloxacin, Testicular Histology, Spermatogenesis
Copyright (c) 2026 prof.Dr.Jabbar Abadi Mohammed , prof.Dr.Sukayna Jabbar Mushattat , Eelaf kareem abd ali, Saja Hassan Abdul- Kadhim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Salicylic Acid Concentrations Suppress Grey Mold in Tomato Plants
General Background: Grey mold caused by Botrytis cinerea severely constrains tomato production in greenhouse and field systems worldwide. Specific Background: Chemical fungicides often fail due to the pathogen’s genetic plasticity, prompting exploration of alternative resistance inducers such as salicylic acid (SA). Knowledge Gap: Limited data exist regarding concentration-dependent responses of SA against B. cinerea under combined laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Aim: This study evaluated six SA concentrations (0–10 mM) for their ability to suppress fungal growth and reduce lesion development on tomato leaves. Results: Concentrations of 8 and 10 mM completely inhibited mycelial growth and biomass production (0.0 mg; 100% inhibition) in vitro. Under greenhouse conditions, the same concentrations reduced lesion area to 0.0 mm at 24, 48, and 72 hours compared with the untreated control. Lower concentrations produced partial suppression in a dose-dependent manner. Novelty: The findings demonstrate a clear concentration threshold at 8 mM SA for complete fungal suppression across experimental systems. Implications: SA presents a promising eco-compatible strategy for grey mold management and may serve as a complementary tool within integrated disease control programs. Highlights: 8–10 mM SA achieved complete fungal growth suppression. Biomass dry weight reduced to 0.0 mg under optimal concentration. Greenhouse lesion development eliminated at threshold dose. Keywords: Salicylic Acid, Botrytis Cinerea, Tomato, Grey Mold, Induced Resistance
Copyright (c) 2026 Waheed , A. Q. , Dewan H. M. , Abdulla , M. I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Profiling of Lipase-Producing Bacillus spp. from Basrah Extreme Soils
General Background: Lipases are hydrolytic enzymes with broad industrial applications due to their catalytic versatility and environmental relevance. Specific Background: Oil-contaminated and extreme environments represent promising reservoirs for robust lipase-producing bacteria. Knowledge Gap: Limited molecular characterization has been conducted on indigenous lipolytic Bacillus species from extreme sites in Basrah Governorate. Aim: This study aimed to isolate, screen, and molecularly identify lipase-producing Bacillus spp. from oil-affected soils and related environments. Results: Ten samples were collected, and five high-performing isolates were confirmed through Spirit Blue Agar and Rhodamine B assays. Optimal lipase production occurred at 37°C, pH 7, after 48 hours using olive oil as substrate. 16S rRNA sequencing identified the isolates as Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus tequilensis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus cereus, with sequence similarities ranging from 98.88% to 99.82%. Novelty: This study provides molecular evidence of diverse indigenous lipolytic Bacillus strains from Basrah’s extreme habitats. Implications: The findings support their prospective application in biofuel production, wastewater treatment, and industrial biocatalysis. Highlights: Dual-media screening strengthened qualitative detection of lipase activity. Molecular identification confirmed five high-similarity Bacillus strains. Extreme Basrah soils serve as reservoirs of industrially relevant lipolytic bacteria. Keywords: Lipase-Producing Bacteria, Bacillus Spp., 16S rRNA Sequencing, Oil-Contaminated Soil, Industrial Biotechnology
Copyright (c) 2026 Waad Blaasm Abd Alsada, Ismaal jmia Abas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anthropogenic and Sediment Controls on TPH in Tigris Sediments
General Background: Petroleum hydrocarbons are persistent aquatic contaminants that accumulate in sediments and serve as records of environmental pollution. Specific Background: The Tigris River in Maysan Governorate faces increasing hydrocarbon inputs associated with urbanization, industrial discharge, and riverine processes. Knowledge Gap: Limited integrated assessments have examined the vertical and spatial distribution of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) alongside Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and sediment grain size within core sediments of this river system. Aim: This study investigates the distribution patterns of TPHs and their relationships with TOC and sediment texture across seven stations (0–50 cm depth). Results: TPH concentrations ranged from 4.49 to 114.13 µg/g, with the highest values at Al-Amara and Ali Al-Sharqi linked to anthropogenic sources. Fine-grained sediments (silt and clay >70%) corresponded with higher TOC (1.66–10.73%), while correlation analysis showed weak association between TPH and TOC but strong relationships between TOC and fine fractions. Novelty: The study integrates vertical profiling and sedimentological controls to distinguish anthropogenic inputs from natural retention mechanisms. Implications: Findings support targeted monitoring and sediment management strategies in hydrocarbon-affected river systems. Highlights: Anthropogenic proximity governs peak hydrocarbon accumulation. Fine-grained sediments regulate organic matter retention. Vertical cores document historical contamination layers. Keywords: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Tigris River, Sediment Core, Total Organic Carbon, Grain Size
Copyright (c) 2025 Altaf Raheem Shnaishel, Hamza Abdulhassan Kadim, Hamid T. AL-Saad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gender Differences in Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors Based on International Diabetes Federation Criteria
General Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of interrelated metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors that substantially increase morbidity and mortality worldwide. Specific Background: In Iraq, the rising burden of non-communicable diseases has intensified interest in MetS, yet evidence on gender-specific risk patterns using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria remains limited. Knowledge Gap: Few studies have systematically examined gender differences in MetS risk factors among Iraqi adults. Aims: This study aimed to identify and compare gender-specific risk factors for MetS among adults in Al-Basra province based on IDF criteria. Results: Distinct gender differences were observed in sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measures, lipid profiles, blood pressure, smoking status, and family history patterns, while age, residence, body mass index, glycemic status, and physical activity showed no significant gender differences. Novelty: The study provides localized, gender-stratified evidence on MetS risk factors in southern Iraq. Implications: The findings support the need for gender-sensitive prevention, screening, and management strategies within primary care and public health programs. Keywords : Metabolic Syndrome, Gender Differences, Risk Factors, International Diabetes Federation Criteria, Waist Circumference Highlight : *]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:1fbe3172-ea17-4b77-8929-7160de5ed415-1" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Females showed higher LDL, HDL, and familial hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular histories. Males exhibited greater waist measurements, smoking prevalence, and familial obesity history. Anthropometric measures differed by sex, while body mass index and physical activity remained comparable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khamail A. Bader, Majid A. Maatook, Ibrahim A. Zaboon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antinuclear Antibodies Elevated in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients: Diagnostic Implications
General Background: Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease transmitted by sandfly bites, posing significant public health challenges in developing countries, with cutaneous leishmaniasis being particularly prevalent in Iraq. Specific Background: While clinical diagnosis remains standard, immunological markers including specific antibodies (IgM, IgG) have been explored for cutaneous leishmaniasis detection, yet the diagnostic potential of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) remains underutilized. Knowledge Gap: The role of ANA as an immunological biomarker for cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosis in Tikrit has not been comprehensively investigated. Aims: This serological study examined ANA levels and specific antibody responses in 60 clinically diagnosed cutaneous leishmaniasis patients at Tikrit Teaching Hospital from October 2023 to January 2024. Results: Males showed higher infection rates (53.33%) than females (46.66%); the 1-5 year age group exhibited the highest prevalence (31.66%); dry ulcers predominated (78.33%, p<0.01); 75% of patients demonstrated IgM antibodies, 5% showed IgG, and 20% tested negative; significantly, ANA levels were elevated in both male and female patients compared to controls (p<0.05). Novelty: This study establishes ANA as a valuable supplementary immunological marker for cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosis in the Tikrit region. Implications: The findings suggest that ANA testing could enhance diagnostic accuracy and understanding of autoimmune responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis, potentially improving patient management strategies. Keywords : Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Antinuclear Antibodies, Immunological Markers, Serological Diagnosis, Tikrit Epidemiology Highlight : Dry ulcers predominated at 78.33%, significantly higher than wet ulcers at 21.66%. Rural residents showed 71.66% infection rate compared to 43.33% in urban areas. Seventy-five percent of patients exhibited IgM antibodies indicating acute infection phase.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Talal Ali, Shahad Saad Daham, Dema kamal Mustafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DRD2 −141C Ins/Del Genotypes and Dopamine Profiles in Amphetamine Use Disorder
General Background: Substance use disorder arises from complex interactions between neurobiological mechanisms and genetic susceptibility, particularly within dopaminergic pathways. Specific Background: Variants in the ANKK1/DRD2 region, including the −141C Ins/Del polymorphism, have been linked to altered dopamine receptor regulation, which is central to reward processing in amphetamine use disorder (AUD). Knowledge Gap: Evidence remains limited regarding how this polymorphism relates to dopamine receptor concentrations among treated amphetamine users in Middle Eastern populations. Aims: This study examined demographic patterns of amphetamine use and evaluated the distribution of −141C Ins/Del genotypes and associated dopamine concentrations in individuals with AUD in Basra, Iraq. Results: The Ins/Ins genotype predominated among addicts, while the Ins/Del genotype was associated with markedly higher dopamine receptor concentrations compared with Ins/Ins carriers. Significant differences were observed between addicts and controls in both genotype frequencies and dopamine levels. Novelty: This work provides region-specific molecular evidence linking −141C Ins/Del heterozygosity to distinct dopaminergic profiles in AUD. Implications: The findings support the relevance of DRD2 regulatory variants in understanding neurobiological heterogeneity in amphetamine addiction and may inform future genetic screening and personalized intervention strategies. Highlights: Ins/Del genotype shows the highest dopamine receptor concentration among amphetamine users. Clear genotype distribution differences distinguish addicts from non-addicted controls. Findings add molecular evidence from an underrepresented regional population. Keywords: DRD2 −141C Ins/Del; Dopamine Receptor; Amphetamine Use Disorder; Genetic Polymorphism; Basra Population
Copyright (c) 2026 Hayder F. Al-Nassir, Adnan B. Al-Hawash , Sarmad Awad Mozan AL-Asadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Irrigation Interval and Ethephon Regimes Shaping Alfalfa Yield and Quality
General Background: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a key perennial forage crop valued for high biomass and protein content, yet its productivity is strongly constrained by water scarcity and suboptimal canopy management, particularly in arid regions. Specific Background: In southern Iraq, reduced water availability from major rivers necessitates efficient irrigation scheduling alongside agronomic practices that regulate plant architecture. Knowledge Gap: Limited field-based evidence integrates irrigation intervals with ethephon application to clarify their combined role in determining forage yield and quality attributes of alfalfa. Aims: This study examined growth traits, green and dry forage yield, and protein characteristics of alfalfa under different irrigation intervals and ethephon spray concentrations. Results: An intermediate irrigation interval (10 days) combined with moderate ethephon concentration (0.5 ml L⁻¹) consistently produced the highest branch density, forage yields, protein percentage, and protein yield, with significant interaction effects across traits. Novelty: The study demonstrates a synergistic irrigation–ethephon management window that optimizes source–sink balance under water-limited conditions. Implications: These findings support adaptive irrigation scheduling coupled with growth regulator use to sustain forage productivity and quality in arid and semi-arid agroecosystems. *]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:25aca545-3822-4848-99a4-96626a3b7d80-3" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="assistant"> Highlights: Optimal irrigation interval maximized alfalfa biomass and protein yield. Moderate ethephon concentration promoted branching and canopy efficiency. Combined management improved forage quality under water-limited conditions. Keywords: Alfalfa, Irrigation Interval, Ethephon, Forage Yield, Protein Quality *]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-(--header-height)" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="66a8b041-21f0-4bcc-b3c8-36b10b29aed9" data-testid="conversation-turn-3" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="user">
Copyright (c) 2026 Sundus Kamel J Alhilfi, Fatimah Ali Jamel, Sabreen H. A. Al-Rubaiee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seasonal Distribution of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Imported Rainbow Trout Organs
General background: Petroleum hydrocarbons are persistent aquatic contaminants capable of bioaccumulation in fish tissues, posing ecological and public health concerns. Specific background: Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are widely consumed in Basra Governorate and are sensitive bioindicators of hydrocarbon pollution. Knowledge gap: Limited information exists on seasonal and organ-specific distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in imported trout sold in local markets. Aims: This study quantified seasonal TPH concentrations in selected organs of spotted and pink O. mykiss obtained from Basra markets. Results: TPH levels varied significantly among organs and seasons (P≤0.05), with the highest concentrations consistently detected in the liver, particularly during spring (up to 2.88 µg/g dry weight), while muscles and gonads showed the lowest levels (as low as 0.01 µg/g dry weight). Novelty: The study provides market-based evidence of differential TPH accumulation patterns in imported trout, rather than wild-caught populations, highlighting seasonal trends linked to biological and environmental processes. Implications: Although muscle tissues showed lower contamination, detectable TPHs indicate potential long-term bioaccumulation risks, underscoring the need for routine monitoring of imported fish to safeguard consumer health. Highlights: Liver consistently exhibited the highest TPH accumulation across seasons. Spring recorded peak TPH concentrations in both trout varieties. Edible muscle tissues contained lower but detectable TPH levels. Keywords: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons; Rainbow Trout; Fish Organs; Seasonal Variation; Bioaccumulation
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali M. Galo, Rajaa N. Alyassein, Ghassan A. Al-Najare, Ali T. Yaseen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Assessment of Essential Elements in Populations from Saline and Treated Water Areas
General Background: Safe drinking water is fundamental to human health, yet groundwater salinity in arid regions poses significant environmental health threats, particularly affecting electrolyte homeostasis and trace element status in populations relying on untreated well water. Specific Background: In southern Iraq's Al-Rifai District, Thi-Qar Province, rural communities depend on saline groundwater with elevated sodium and total dissolved solids, while urban populations consume treated municipal water with lower salinity and stable quality monitoring. Knowledge Gap: Limited biochemical data exist on how chronic saline well-water consumption affects serum concentrations of essential elements in healthy adults within this region. Aims: This study compared serum levels of iron, calcium, zinc, sodium, potassium, and magnesium between 200 rural well-water consumers and 200 urban treated-water consumers aged 20-50 years using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Arsenazo III method, and ion-selective electrodes. Results: Rural participants showed significantly lower serum iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and potassium (P<0.01) but elevated sodium (P<0.01) compared to urban residents, with deficiency prevalence reaching 36% for zinc and 28% for iron in rural areas. Novelty: This investigation uniquely quantifies the environmental-biochemical linkage between groundwater salinity and essential element depletion in Iraqi populations, demonstrating freshwater salinization syndrome's impact on mineral homeostasis. Implications: Findings necessitate systematic rural water quality monitoring through Water Safety Plans, deployment of point-of-use reverse osmosis systems with remineralization, and targeted nutritional interventions to address dual environmental and nutritional burdens threatening cardiovascular and metabolic health in saline-groundwater-dependent communities. Keywords : Groundwater Salinity, Trace Elements, Serum Minerals, Well Water, Thi-Qar Iraq Highlight : Rural well-water consumers showed significantly lower iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and potassium levels. Sodium concentrations were markedly elevated among populations drinking saline groundwater versus treated water. Chronic exposure creates dual nutritional-environmental burden requiring water quality monitoring and treatment interventions
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor M. Al-Humaidy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Serum Omentin-1 in Prostate Cancer: Correlation with Anthropometric and Biochemical Factors
Background: Omentin-1, a novel adipokine predominantly secreted by visceral adipose tissue, modulates glucose metabolism, inflammation, and carcinogenesis, yet its clinical significance in prostate cancer remains underexplored. Knowledge Gap: While adipokines are implicated in obesity-related malignancies, the specific relationship between serum omentin-1 levels and prostate cancer, particularly regarding body mass index and metabolic parameters, is not fully understood. Aims: This study evaluated serum omentin-1 concentrations in 88 newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients compared to 88 age-matched healthy controls, examining correlations with anthropometric measurements and biochemical markers. Results: Serum omentin-1 levels were significantly elevated in prostate cancer patients, particularly in younger age groups and normal-weight to overweight categories, with negative correlation to BMI (r=−0.3, p<0.01) and positive correlation to PSA (r=0.5, p<0.01); multivariate regression identified omentin-1 as an independent protective factor (OR=0.79, p<0.0001). Novelty: This research establishes omentin-1 as an independent predictor of prostate cancer risk alongside traditional biomarkers. Implications: These findings suggest omentin-1 may serve as a complementary biomarker reflecting metabolic-oncological interactions in prostate cancer risk stratification. Keywords : Omentin-1, Prostate Cancer, Body Mass Index, Prostate-Specific Antigen, Adipokines Highlight : Omentin-1 levels negatively correlate with BMI but positively correlate with PSA levels. Elevated omentin-1 particularly evident in younger age groups and normal-weight individuals. Omentin-1 identified as independent protective factor against prostate cancer in regression analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Miqdad Mohammed, Abrar I. Albadr, Haider Jaber Sagban https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Key Metabolic Enzymes in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance: A Biochemical Review
General Background: Obesity represents a critical global health challenge, serving as a primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance through complex metabolic alterations. Specific Background: The pathophysiological mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance involve dysregulation of key metabolic enzymes that govern glucose and lipid homeostasis in insulin-sensitive tissues, including liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Knowledge Gap: Despite recognition of enzyme involvement in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction, the precise biochemical pathways through which specific enzymatic networks contribute to insulin signaling disruption remain incompletely characterized. Aims: This review systematically examines the roles of major metabolic enzymes—including phosphoinositide 3-kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase, glucokinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase—in mediating obesity-associated insulin resistance. Results: Evidence demonstrates that obesity induces coordinated dysregulation across glycolytic, gluconeogenic, lipogenic, and oxidative pathways, promoting ectopic lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic low-grade inflammation that collectively impair insulin receptor signaling cascades. Novelty: This synthesis provides an integrated biochemical framework connecting enzyme-mediated metabolic flux alterations to systemic insulin resistance. Implications: Understanding these enzyme-specific pathways offers potential therapeutic targets for pharmacological intervention aimed at restoring insulin sensitivity and preventing metabolic complications in obese populations. Keywords : Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Enzymes, Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism Highlight : Dysregulated lipogenic and oxidative enzymes drive ectopic lipid accumulation in insulin-sensitive tissues. Mitochondrial dysfunction and enzyme-mediated redox imbalance exacerbate metabolic inflexibility during obesity. Targeted modulation of key metabolic enzymes offers therapeutic potential for restoring insulin sensitivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alaa R. M. Chyad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Helicobacter pylori in Patients with Chronic Diarrhea in Thi-Qar Province
General Background: Helicobacter pylori is a globally prevalent bacterial pathogen increasingly linked to gastrointestinal and extra-gastric disorders. Specific Background: Its role in chronic diarrhea remains insufficiently characterized in Iraq, particularly in Thi-Qar Province, where epidemiological data are inconsistent. Knowledge Gap: Limited molecular evidence exists on local H. pylori strains and the performance of diagnostic methods in patients with chronic diarrhea. Aims: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of H. pylori and characterize circulating strains among chronic diarrhea patients using stool antigen testing and PCR targeting the cagA gene. Results: A high prevalence was detected by antigen testing, while PCR revealed lower positivity, and two local cagA-positive isolates were genetically characterized and registered in GenBank. Novelty: The study reports the first molecular registration of H. pylori strains from chronic diarrhea cases in Thi-Qar Province. Implications: These findings underscore diagnostic variability and highlight the relevance of local molecular data for epidemiological surveillance and future clinical research. Keywords : Helicobacter pylori, chronic diarrhea, stool antigen test, PCR detection, molecular characterization Highlight : Rapid stool antigen testing revealed high Helicobacter pylori detection among chronic diarrhea patients. PCR targeting cagA gene showed substantially lower positivity, indicating diagnostic sensitivity variation. Genetic sequencing identified distinct local strains registered in international genomic databases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussain Adnan Hashim, Mohammed Mahdi Abd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0