Sources and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediment Core of Khor Al-Zubair
Sumber dan Distribusi Hidrokarbon Aromatik Polisiklik (PAH) di Inti Sedimen Khor Al-Zubair
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/ijhsm.v2i1.100Keywords:
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, sediment pollution, Khor Al-Zubair, Basrah governorateAbstract
Hydrocarbon pollution is related to the pollution of the environment by hydrocarbons, organic compounds that include hydrogen and carbon, which occur naturally in various forms. Crude oil and natural gas are significant hydrocarbon sources utilized for energy,which is one of the most important causes of pollution. The source and distribution of PAHs has been studied in core sample in Khor Al-Zubair, Basrah southern Iraq. Sediment samples were taken from 5 station. The sediment was extracted and the PAHs were determined by Gas chromatography mass (GC-Mass). The average of total PAHs concentrations ranged frome 31.31 to 157.901 ng/g. The study contributed to revealing the pollution levels in the study area, as the result indicated that most components originate from a petrogenic source. This study gave a baseline on the source and distribution of these components in the Khor Al-Zubair area of Basra Governorate and can be used as a baseline for future studies
Highlights:
- Hydrocarbon pollution: Environmental contamination from crude oil and natural gas.
- Study area: PAHs analyzed in Khor Al-Zubair sediments using GC-Mass.
- Findings: PAHs (31.31–157.901 ng/g) mainly from petrogenic sources.
Keywords: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, sediment pollution, Khor Al-Zubair, Basrah governorate.
References
[1] R. A. Grmasha, et al., "Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Tigris River Near the Oil Refineries in Iraq," Environmental Research, vol. 227, pp. 11-91, 2023. Available: sciencedirect.com.
[2] R. A. Grmasha, et al., "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Surface Water and Sediment Along Euphrates River System: Occurrence, Sources, Ecological and Health Risk Assessment," Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 187, pp. 11-68, 2023. Available: sciencedirect.com.
[3] M. M. Al-Khuzaie, et al., "Assessment of Untreated Wastewater Pollution and Heavy Metal Contamination in the Euphrates River," Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 22-110, 2024.
[4] M. Fadel, et al., "A Comprehensive Review of PM-Related Studies in Industrial Proximity: Insights from the East Mediterranean Middle East Region," Sustainability, 2024. Available: mdpi.com.
[5] D. S. Kareem, et al., "Distribution of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) in Sediments of Southern Iraqi Rivers," Marsh Bulletin, 2023. Available: iasj.net.
[6] H. H. Sultan, M. A. Sultan, and A. M. Jawad, "Environmental Risk Assessment of Petroleum Pollutants in Water and Sediments of Al-Mushab and Al-Salal Marshes," AIP Conference Proceedings, 2023.
[7] M. Al Hello, et al., "Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in New York/New Jersey Harbor Sediment," Water and Environment Journal, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 527-537, 2023. Available: wiley.com.
[8] B. Vrana, A. Pasch, and P. Popp, "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentration and Patterns in Sediments and Surface Water of Mansfeld Region, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany," Environmental Pollution, 2001.
[9] J. N. Anyahara, "International Journal of Advanced Academic Research," vol. 7, no. 3, 2021.
[10] P. Baumard, H. Budzinski, and P. Garrigues, "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments and Mussels of the Western Mediterranean Sea," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 765-776, 1998.
[11] Y. Liu, et al., "Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Sediments of the Huangpu River, Shanghai, China," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 407, pp. 2931–2938, 2009.
[12] M. M. Al-Hejueje, "Application of Water Quality and Pollution Indices to Evaluate the Water and Sediments Status in the Middle Part of Shatt Al Arab River," Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Biology, College of Science, Univ. of Basrah, 2014.
[13] D. Yan, et al., "Characteristics, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of Airborne Particulate PAHs in Chinese Cities," Environmental Pollution, vol. 248, p. 804, 2019.
[14] X. Gao, et al., "Non-Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments Near the Pearl River Estuary in the South China Sea," Environmental Pollution, vol. 148, pp. 40-47, 2007.
[15] D. D. Al-Khion, "Distribution of Polycyclic Nuclear Compounds in Iraqi Coast Regions," Ph.D. dissertation, College of Agriculture, Univ. of Basrah, 2012.
[16] F. Kafilzadeh, A. H. Shiva, and R. Malekpour, "Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water and Sediments of the Kor River, Iran," Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2011.
[17] M. B. Yunker, et al., "PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: A Critical Appraisal of PAH Ratios as Indicators of PAH Source and Composition," Organic Geochemistry, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 489-515, 2002.
[18] H. T. Al-Saad, et al., "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediment Samples from Euphrates River, Iraq," International Journal of Marine Science, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1-6, 2016.
[19] L. A. Ali, "Environmental Impact Assessment of Kirkuk Oil Refinery," Ph.D. dissertation, College of Science, Univ. of Baghdad, 2013.
[20] M. F. Abed, S. M. Ali, and B. S. Altawash, "Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soils at North Baiji City, Iraq," Iraqi Journal of Science, vol. 56, no. 4A, pp. 2927–2938, 2015.
[21] M. A. Alawi and A. L. Azeez, "Study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soil Samples from Al-Ahdab Oil Field in Waset Region, Iraq," Toxicology Reviews, vol. 35, no. 3–4, pp. 69–76, 2016. doi:10.1080/15569543.2016.1198379.
[22] H. N. Essa and E. A. Mohsin, "Study of Crude Oil Spills and Gas Burning of Accompanied Natural Gas on the Environment of Nasiriyah Oil Field, Southern Iraq," Diqar Science Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 52-59, 2016.
[23] A. J. Jasim, "Evaluation and Monitoring the Impact of Environmental Pollution in Water and Soil South of Baghdad," Research Journal of Pharmacy, Biology, and Chemical Sciences, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 659-663, 2017.
[24] A. J. Kadhim and J. M. Salman, "Evaluation of PAHs in Agricultural Soil Samples—Al-Khacheya Site, South of Baghdad, Iraq," Plant Archives, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1005-1008, 2018.
[25] T. K. M. Al-Rudaini and I. M. H. Almousawi, "Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Soil at Al-Nahrawan Bricks Factory," Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 445-450, 2018.
[26] T. K. M. Al-Rudaini, et al., "Environmental Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Soil at Al-Zubaidiya Thermal Power Plant," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1294, 2019.
[27] D. A. M. A. Al-Manmi, et al., "Soil and Groundwater Pollution Assessment and Delineation of Intensity Risk Map in Sulaymaniyah City, NE Iraq," Water, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 2158, 2019. doi:10.3390/w11102158.
[28] Y. H. Aoeed, et al., "Concentration of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Samples of Kirkuk Province, Iraq," in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 877, p. 012023, 2021. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/877/1/012023.
[29] F. M. Saleem, H. T. Al-Saad, and M. M. Al-Hejuje, "Using Toxic Equivalent Quotients (TEQs) to Evaluate the Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Compounds in Soil at Basrah Governorate, Iraq," Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 160-172, 2022.
[30] M. A. Resen, H. K. Abdulhassan, and H. T. Al-Saad, "Determining the Sources and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Soil of Different Oil Fields at Basrah, Iraq," Ecology and Environmental Technology, pp. 24-26, 2023. doi:10.15587/2706-5448.2023.293837.
[2] R. A. Grmasha, et al., "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Surface Water and Sediment Along Euphrates River System: Occurrence, Sources, Ecological and Health Risk Assessment," Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 187, pp. 11-68, 2023. Available: sciencedirect.com.
[3] M. M. Al-Khuzaie, et al., "Assessment of Untreated Wastewater Pollution and Heavy Metal Contamination in the Euphrates River," Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 22-110, 2024.
[4] M. Fadel, et al., "A Comprehensive Review of PM-Related Studies in Industrial Proximity: Insights from the East Mediterranean Middle East Region," Sustainability, 2024. Available: mdpi.com.
[5] D. S. Kareem, et al., "Distribution of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) in Sediments of Southern Iraqi Rivers," Marsh Bulletin, 2023. Available: iasj.net.
[6] H. H. Sultan, M. A. Sultan, and A. M. Jawad, "Environmental Risk Assessment of Petroleum Pollutants in Water and Sediments of Al-Mushab and Al-Salal Marshes," AIP Conference Proceedings, 2023.
[7] M. Al Hello, et al., "Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in New York/New Jersey Harbor Sediment," Water and Environment Journal, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 527-537, 2023. Available: wiley.com.
[8] B. Vrana, A. Pasch, and P. Popp, "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentration and Patterns in Sediments and Surface Water of Mansfeld Region, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany," Environmental Pollution, 2001.
[9] J. N. Anyahara, "International Journal of Advanced Academic Research," vol. 7, no. 3, 2021.
[10] P. Baumard, H. Budzinski, and P. Garrigues, "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments and Mussels of the Western Mediterranean Sea," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 765-776, 1998.
[11] Y. Liu, et al., "Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Sediments of the Huangpu River, Shanghai, China," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 407, pp. 2931–2938, 2009.
[12] M. M. Al-Hejueje, "Application of Water Quality and Pollution Indices to Evaluate the Water and Sediments Status in the Middle Part of Shatt Al Arab River," Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Biology, College of Science, Univ. of Basrah, 2014.
[13] D. Yan, et al., "Characteristics, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of Airborne Particulate PAHs in Chinese Cities," Environmental Pollution, vol. 248, p. 804, 2019.
[14] X. Gao, et al., "Non-Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments Near the Pearl River Estuary in the South China Sea," Environmental Pollution, vol. 148, pp. 40-47, 2007.
[15] D. D. Al-Khion, "Distribution of Polycyclic Nuclear Compounds in Iraqi Coast Regions," Ph.D. dissertation, College of Agriculture, Univ. of Basrah, 2012.
[16] F. Kafilzadeh, A. H. Shiva, and R. Malekpour, "Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Water and Sediments of the Kor River, Iran," Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2011.
[17] M. B. Yunker, et al., "PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: A Critical Appraisal of PAH Ratios as Indicators of PAH Source and Composition," Organic Geochemistry, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 489-515, 2002.
[18] H. T. Al-Saad, et al., "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediment Samples from Euphrates River, Iraq," International Journal of Marine Science, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1-6, 2016.
[19] L. A. Ali, "Environmental Impact Assessment of Kirkuk Oil Refinery," Ph.D. dissertation, College of Science, Univ. of Baghdad, 2013.
[20] M. F. Abed, S. M. Ali, and B. S. Altawash, "Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soils at North Baiji City, Iraq," Iraqi Journal of Science, vol. 56, no. 4A, pp. 2927–2938, 2015.
[21] M. A. Alawi and A. L. Azeez, "Study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soil Samples from Al-Ahdab Oil Field in Waset Region, Iraq," Toxicology Reviews, vol. 35, no. 3–4, pp. 69–76, 2016. doi:10.1080/15569543.2016.1198379.
[22] H. N. Essa and E. A. Mohsin, "Study of Crude Oil Spills and Gas Burning of Accompanied Natural Gas on the Environment of Nasiriyah Oil Field, Southern Iraq," Diqar Science Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 52-59, 2016.
[23] A. J. Jasim, "Evaluation and Monitoring the Impact of Environmental Pollution in Water and Soil South of Baghdad," Research Journal of Pharmacy, Biology, and Chemical Sciences, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 659-663, 2017.
[24] A. J. Kadhim and J. M. Salman, "Evaluation of PAHs in Agricultural Soil Samples—Al-Khacheya Site, South of Baghdad, Iraq," Plant Archives, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1005-1008, 2018.
[25] T. K. M. Al-Rudaini and I. M. H. Almousawi, "Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Soil at Al-Nahrawan Bricks Factory," Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 445-450, 2018.
[26] T. K. M. Al-Rudaini, et al., "Environmental Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Soil at Al-Zubaidiya Thermal Power Plant," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1294, 2019.
[27] D. A. M. A. Al-Manmi, et al., "Soil and Groundwater Pollution Assessment and Delineation of Intensity Risk Map in Sulaymaniyah City, NE Iraq," Water, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 2158, 2019. doi:10.3390/w11102158.
[28] Y. H. Aoeed, et al., "Concentration of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Samples of Kirkuk Province, Iraq," in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 877, p. 012023, 2021. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/877/1/012023.
[29] F. M. Saleem, H. T. Al-Saad, and M. M. Al-Hejuje, "Using Toxic Equivalent Quotients (TEQs) to Evaluate the Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Compounds in Soil at Basrah Governorate, Iraq," Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 160-172, 2022.
[30] M. A. Resen, H. K. Abdulhassan, and H. T. Al-Saad, "Determining the Sources and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Soil of Different Oil Fields at Basrah, Iraq," Ecology and Environmental Technology, pp. 24-26, 2023. doi:10.15587/2706-5448.2023.293837.
Downloads
Published
2025-01-30
How to Cite
Abo-Turab , F. F. ., Mohammed , A. H. ., & Al-Saad , H. T. . (2025). Sources and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediment Core of Khor Al-Zubair: Sumber dan Distribusi Hidrokarbon Aromatik Polisiklik (PAH) di Inti Sedimen Khor Al-Zubair. Indonesian Journal on Health Science and Medicine, 2(1), 10.21070/ijhsm.v2i1.100. https://doi.org/10.21070/ijhsm.v2i1.100
Issue
Section
Articles
