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Distance, Smoking Habits, and Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in Male Students

Jarak, Kebiasaan Merokok, dan Tingkat Karboksihemoglobin pada Mahasiswa Laki-laki
Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Oktober:
DOI : https://doi.org/10.21070/ijhsm.v2i2.274
Published : Sep 30, 2025

Reza Verindah (1), Galuh Ratmana Hanum (2)

(1) Program Studi D-IV Teknologi Laboratorium Medis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia
(2) Program Studi D-IV Teknologi Laboratorium Medis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia
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Abstract:

General Background: Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) formation occurs when carbon monoxide (CO) binds with hemoglobin, showing an affinity 200–300 times stronger than oxygen, which disrupts oxygen transport and utilization in the body. Specific Background: In urban environments, CO exposure may be influenced by lifestyle factors such as daily travel distance and smoking habits, both of which are suspected contributors to elevated COHb levels. Knowledge Gap: Despite known toxicological effects of CO, limited research addresses how these lifestyle factors correlate with COHb levels in young adults, particularly male health students. Aim: This study investigated the association between distance traveled and smoking habits with COHb levels among male students of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo. Results: Findings showed that all respondents (100%) had COHb levels below the standard threshold (<3.5%) set by the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 70 of 2016, and statistical analysis indicated no significant association between either variable and COHb levels (p>0.05). Novelty: This research highlights that common risk factors like smoking and travel distance may not always predict elevated COHb in health student populations. Implications: The results provide reassurance regarding current exposure levels and may guide preventive health education for student populations.


Highlights:



  • All respondents had COHb levels below the national threshold.

  • No significant association was found between smoking or travel distance and COHb.

  • Provides baseline data for health education and preventive strategies.


Keywords: Carboxyhemoglobin; Carbon Monoxide; Smoking; Travel Distance; Toxicology

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