Factors Influencing Antenatal Care Services Utilization in Primary Health Care Centers in the Second Sector of Basra City Center
Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pemanfaatan Pelayanan Antenatal Care di Puskesmas di Sektor Kedua Pusat Kota Basra
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21070/ijhsm.v2i2.131Keywords:
Factors, Antenatal Care Services, in Primary Health Care Centers.Abstract
This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the factors influencing the utilization of ANC services. The total sample consisted of 400 cases with a previous history of pregnancy attending ANC for less than one year, was collected from 15 PHCCs in the second sector of Basra city center, through face-to-face interviews and the use of a questionnaire format during the study period which extended from the beginning of February to the end of July 2018. The results of the present study showed that (31.5%) of the participants’ ages were between 20-25 years old. About two-thirds of the studied women (68.5%) lived in the family home of their husbands; (69.0%) of them had a partner of 1–3. Both studied women, and their husbands had the highest percentage of intermediate education, (28.5%) and (29.5%) respectively. The majority of women (93.7%) were housewives, and most of their husbands were self-employed (67.3%). The highest percentage of participants (66.0%) lived in families composed of seven and above members. There were (89.5%) of women had no history of stillbirth. It was suggested that more government efforts be made to target less educated women and to inform them of the advantages of using antenatal care, this proposal also needs to include their husbands and improve family planning services. Government policy should help increase the spread of the media among mothers. Provide ultrasonic examination services (SONAR) in all primary health care centers and finally, further research should be obtained to include both urban and rural areas.
Highlights:
- Majority were housewives, aged 20–25, with intermediate education level.
- Most lived in large families, husband's home, with 1–3 children.
- Recommend education, media access, SONAR services, and broader research coverage.
Keywords: Factors, Antenatal Care Services, in Primary Health Care Centers.
References
[1] Ö. Tunçalp et al., “Quality of care for pregnant women and newborns—the WHO vision,” BJOG, vol. 122, no. 8, pp. 1045–1049, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13451
[2] L. Alkema et al., “Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: A systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group,” Lancet, vol. 387, no. 10017, pp. 462–474, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00838-7
[3] H. M. Sabty, S. B. Dawood, and A. M. Tiryag, “Nurses’ knowledge and practices on influenza vaccination for pregnant women,” J. Kebidanan Midwiferia, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 50–59, Oct. 2024.
[4] H. Blencowe et al., “National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2015, with trends from 2000: A systematic analysis,” Lancet Global Health, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 98–108, 2016.
[5] J. L. Alvarez, R. Gil, V. Hernandez, and A. Gil, “Factors associated with maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: An ecological study,” BMC Public Health, vol. 9, p. 462, 2009.
[6] United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014, New York: United Nations, 2014, pp. 28–30.
[7]
[8] [7] USAID/IRAQ, Antenatal and Postnatal Care Guideline in Primary Health Care Centers in Iraq, 2013.
[9] E. Martínez-García et al., “Inadequate prenatal care and maternal country of birth: A retrospective study of southeast Spain,” Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., vol. 165, no. 2, pp. 199–204, 2012.
[10] A. M. Tiryag, “Revitalizing hearts: The transformative impact of pacemaker therapy on cardiac conduction disorders,” Academia Open, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 10–21070, Jun. 2024.
[11] J. Villar et al., “Nutritional interventions during pregnancy for the prevention or treatment of maternal morbidity and preterm delivery: An overview of randomized controlled trials,” J. Nutr., vol. 133, no. 5, pp. 1606S–1625S, 2003.
[12] J. Ekabua, K. Ekabua, and C. Njoku, “Proposed framework for making focused antenatal care services accessible: A review of the Nigerian setting,” ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 2011, Article ID 253964, 2011.
[13] M. A. Akber, A. M. Tiryag, and A. I. Alobaidi, “Nurses’ knowledge regarding cast complications of limb fractures: A cross-sectional study,” Cent. Asian J. Med. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 195–200, Apr. 2024.
[14] D. P. Paudel, B. R. Nilgar, and M. Bhandankar, “Antenatal care service utilization and contributing factors: A community-based study in rural Belgaum, Karnataka, India,” IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 25–31, 2013.
[15] Y. Baral, K. Lyones, J. Skinner, and E. van Teijlingen, “Maternal health services utilization in Nepal: Progress in the new millennium,” Health Sci. J., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 618–633, 2012.
[16] T. Dowswell et al., “Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy,” Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., no. 10, Art. no. CD000934, 2010. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000934.pub2
[17] A. M. Van Eijk et al., “Use of antenatal services and delivery care among women in rural western Kenya: A community-based survey,” Reprod. Health, vol. 3, p. 2, 2006.
[18] A. M. Tiryag, “Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward pacemaker: A cross-sectional study,” Academia Open, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 10–21070, Jun. 2024.
[19] N. M. Abel et al., “Determinants of maternal health services utilization in urban settings of the Democratic Republic of Congo–A case study of Lubumbashi City,” BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 66, 2012.
[20] G. R. Varma, Y. S. Kusuma, and B. V. Babu, “Antenatal care service utilization in tribal and rural areas in a South Indian district: An evaluation through a mixed methods approach,” J. Egypt. Public Health Assoc., vol. 86, no. 1–2, pp. 11–15, 2011.
[21] E. H. Rahi, Z. M. Al-Hejaj, and A. M. Tiryag, “Nurses’ knowledge of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study,” Academia Open, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 10–21070, Jun. 2024.
[22] A. F. Abdul-Hussein and A. A. Yaser, “Assessment of antenatal care services among pregnant women in Al-Hilla City,” Kufa J. Nurs. Sci., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 2223–4055, 2015.
[23] J. M. Alhazmi et al., “Awareness of antenatal care importance among Saudi pregnant women in Madina,” J. Gynecol. Women’s Health, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 2474–7602, 2017.
[24] D. Dubale, D. Deresse, and W. Negash, “Antenatal care utilization and its associated factors among pregnant woman in Boricha District, Southern Ethiopia,” Divers. Equal. Health Care, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 76–84, 2017.
[25] F. A. Jassim, A. M. Tiryag, and S. S. Issa, “Effect of bad habits on the growth of school students: A cross-sectional study,” Indones. J. Health Sci. Med., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10–21070, Jul. 2024.
[26] S. B. Dawood, “Assessments of knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women of antenatal and postnatal care, Al-Seef Primary Health Care Center, in Basra City,” J. Health Med. Nurs., vol. 39, pp. 2422–8419, 2017.
[27] R. M. Domingues et al., “Access to and utilization of prenatal care services in the Unified Health System of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,” Rev. Bras. Epidemiol., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 953–965, 2013.
[28] M. A. Mohammad, H. H. Abdul-Ra’aoof, K. A. Razzaq Manahi, and A. M. Tiryag, “Parents’ knowledge and attitudes toward testicular torsion,” Bahrain Med. Bull., vol. 46, no. 1, Mar. 2024.
[29] D. G. Bassani, P. J. Surkan, and M. T. A. Olinto, “Inadequate use of prenatal services among Brazilian women: The role of maternal characteristics,” Int. Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 15–20, 2009.
[30] Z. K. Dhahi, S. S. Issa, and L. A. Hameed, “A study on pregnant women's satisfaction with primary health care services in Basra,” Int. J. Res. Humanit. Arts Lit., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 7–20, 2015.
[31] N. Sadiq et al., “Factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care among women of reproductive age in Nurpur Shahan,” J. Pak. Med. Assoc., vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 616–618, 2011.
[32] M. A. Akber, A. M. Tiryag, and A. I. Alobaidi, “Nurses’ knowledge concerning developmental dysplasia of the hip: A cross-sectional study,” Am. J. Pediatr. Med. Health Sci., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 155–160, 2024.
[33] M. Asim et al., “Antenatal health care: A literature review of antenatal and postnatal health care utilization in Pakistan,” Prof. Med. J., vol. 24, pp. 495–499, 2017.
[34] S. Hajian, F. Imani, H. Riazi, and F. Salmani, “Prediction of adequate prenatal care utilization based on the extended parallel process model,” Int. J. Community Based Nurs. Midwifery, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 342–354, 2017.
[35] S. S. Hamid, A. F. Kareem, A. M. Tiryag, and H. H. Abdul-Ra’aoof, “A study regarding the basic anatomy and physiology of the eye among nursing students: A cross-sectional study,” Indones. J. Health Sci. Med., vol. 2, no. 2, Apr. 2025.
[36] D. E. Azuh et al., “Factors influencing maternal mortality among rural communities in southwestern Nigeria,” Int. J. Women’s Health, vol. 9, pp. 179–188, 2017. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S120184
[37] I. H. Zainel, H. H. Abdul-Ra'aoof, and A. M. Tiryag, “Mothers' knowledge and attitudes towards her children with neonatal jaundice: A cross-sectional study,” Health Educ. Health Promot., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 565–570, Jul. 2022.
[38] Y. D. Wado, M. F. Afework, and M. J. Hindin, “Unintended pregnancies and the use of maternal health services in southwestern Ethiopia,” BMC Int. Health Hum. Rights, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 36, 2013. doi: 10.1186/1472-698X-13-36
[39] K. K. Deo et al., “Barriers to utilization of antenatal care services in Eastern Nepal,” Front. Public Health, vol. 3, p. 197, 2015. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00197
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Marwa Abdul-Satar Hasan, Rasha Ahmed Abdul-Qader, Hanadi Lazim Obaid
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
